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A battery apparatus is disclosed including a cell assembly including a plurality of battery cells; a housing having an accommodation space accommodating the cell assembly therein; a cooling port allowing a cooling fluid to flow into the accommodation space; a plurality of cell monitoring units disposed in the accommodation space to monitor the plurality of battery cells, respectively; and an antenna disposed outside the accommodation space and performing wireless communication with the plurality of cell monitoring units.

A battery cell according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes an electrode assembly; a case including at least one opening and including an accommodation portion accommodating the electrode assembly; and a cap assembly coupled to the case, wherein the cap assembly includes a cap plate coupled to the opening; and a cap insulator disposed between the cap plate and the electrode assembly to insulate the cap plate from the electrode assembly, and wherein the cap insulator includes a first insulator formed of a first material, and a second insulator formed of a second material, different from the first material.

A refrigeration oil composition according to embodiments of the present disclosure includes a silane compound represented by Formula 1 below, wherein any one or two of R₁ to R₄ are each independently selected from C₁-C₅ alkoxy groups, and the remaining groups are each independently C₁-C₁₄ alkyl groups.

The present disclosure relates to a battery module. The battery module may include: a housing having an interior space formed therein, and including an inlet through which refrigerant is introduced and an outlet through which refrigerant is discharged; a battery assembly accommodated in the housing; a busbar accommodated in the housing and electrically connected with electrode tabs of the battery assembly; and a busbar frame accommodated in the housing and having a surface on which the busbar is mounted.

A cathode active material including: an active material 1 comprising secondary particles; and an active material 2 comprising single particles, wherein the active material 1 and the active material 2 have a bimodal particle diameter distribution, respectively, the active material 1 has an average particle diameter (D50) of 9 µm to 17 µm, and the active material 2 has an average particle diameter (D50) of 2.5 µm to 4 µm, is disclosed.In some implementations, a cathode active material having high packing density may be provided.

A cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery, a method of fabricating the same, and a lithium secondary battery including the same are provided. The cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery includes a lithium-transition metal oxide particle, and a coating layer formed on a surface of the lithium-transition metal oxide particle and including Li₃PO₄ and an oxide represented by Li_wTi_x(PO₄)₃-(Al₂O₃)_y (0≤w, x≥4/3, y>0, 0<x+y≤6, and 0.125 ≤y/x≤0.5). A content of the lithium phosphate in the coating layer is 10 mol% to 60 mol%.

The present disclosure relates to a cathode for a lithium secondary battery including a cathode current collector; and a cathode composite layer formed on the cathode current collector, wherein the cathode composite layer includes a first cathode composite layer on a side of the cathode current collector, and a second cathode composite layer on a surface side of the cathode composite layer, wherein the first cathode composite layer includes a first cathode active material of lithium transition metal composite oxide particles in forms of secondary particles in which primary particles are aggregated, and a binder, wherein the second cathode composite layer includes a second cathode active material of lithium transition metal composite oxide particles in forms of single particles, and a binder.

An anode for a lithium secondary battery includes an anode current collector, and an anode active material layer formed on the anode current collector and including an anode active material, a binder and a nitrate. A concentration gradient of the binder in a thickness direction from a top surface of the anode current collector to a top surface of the anode active material layer is 0.1 wt%/µm or less. The concentration gradient of the binder is calculated from contents of a dye adsorbed to the binder measured at multiple points along a line in the thickness direction on a cross-section of the anode active material layer through an SEM-EDS and a thickness of the anode active material layer.

A cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery according to the present disclosure includes lithium-metal oxide particles and a coating part formed on the lithium-metal oxide particles and including a metal-containing part and a sulfur-containing part. A metal area ratio of the cathode active material according to a specific equation may fall within a predetermined range. Accordingly, side reactions between the cathode active material and the electrolyte may be suppressed, and the stability and cycle life characteristics of the secondary battery may be improved.

The present disclosure relates to a battery assembly. The battery assembly may comprise: a plurality of battery cells arranged along a stacking direction; and a housing case containing the plurality of battery cells and including at least one end plate; wherein the end plate has a length dimension that extends parallel to the stacking direction and forms a first side of the housing case. The at least one end plate has one or more first type of venting holes penetrating it. The battery assembly possesses improved thermal stability, extended battery life and improved structural stability.