Hitachi Energy Patente

The present disclosure relates to a retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) system. The system comprises a controller node configured to receive a query, a plurality of retriever nodes provided in parallel to each other and communicatively coupled to the controller node, an evaluation node communicatively coupled to the plurality of retriever nodes, and a language model (LM) node communicatively coupled to the evaluation node and the plurality of retriever nodes. The controller node is configured to forward the query to the plurality of retriever nodes, the plurality of retriever nodes are configured to simultaneously generate, based on the query, respective intermediate responses, the evaluation node is configured to receive the respective intermediate responses and assign a score to each of the intermediate responses, and the LM node is configured to generate a final response based on the intermediate responses and the assigned score.

In at least one embodiment, the static electric induction device (1) comprises: - a tank (2) configured to be filled with an electrically insulating liquid (3), and - a gas analyzer (5) configured to provide concentration data indicative of an oxygen concentration of a gas sample (40), wherein - the gas analyzer (5) comprises a laser (51) configured to emit a test radiation (52) which is narrow-band radiation, and - the concentration data is optical absorption data of the test radiation (52) through the gas sample (40).

The invention relates to a semiconductor device, a bypass circuit comprising the semiconductor device and a method manufacturing the semiconductor device. The semiconductor device (1) comprising a first thyristor structure (10) and a second thyristor structure (20) which are antiparallel connected and share a common semiconductor body (2). A first main electrode (51) functions as a cathode (11) for the first thyristor structure (10) and an anode (22) for the second thyristor structure (20). A second main electrode (52) functions as an anode (12) for the first thyristor structure and a cathode (21) for the second thyristor structure (20). The semiconductor body further comprises a first trigger region (61) and a first emitter region (71) facing the first gate and main electrodes, a second trigger region (62) and a second emitter region (72) facing the second gate and main electrodes to facilitate self-destruction of the thyristor structures.

A power module (1) comprising several switching units (2a, 2b, 2c) and a cooler (3) for liquid cooling, wherein the switching units (2a, 2b, 2c) are mounted on the cooler (3), wherein the cooler (3) comprises an inlet (6) and an outlet (8) for a cooling liquid, the inlet (6) and the outlet (8) being located on a top side (4) and/or a bottom side (5) of the cooler (3), wherein in a view on the top side (4) of the cooler (3) an overlap (Aa, Ab, Ac) of one of the switching units (2a, 2b, 2c) with the inlet (6), the outlet (8), a blind channel section (19) of the cooling channel (7) and/or an area of the cooler (3) where the cooling channel (7) is not present is larger than for another one of the switching units (2a, 2b, 2c).

The invention relates a protection circuit (100) for protecting modular multilevel converter, MMC, cell, a MMC cell (1000) and a protection method. The protection circuit (100) comprises a bypass semiconductor device (1) with a first thyristor structure (10) and a second thyristor structure (20) connected in antiparallel. The first thyristor structure (10) comprises a first trigger region (61) and a first emitter region (71). The second thyristor structure (20) comprises a second trigger region (62) and a second emitter region (72). The disposition of the trigger regions (61, 62) and of the emitter regions (71, 72) being such that in response to a failure of the MMC cell, the first thyristor structure (10) fails to a permanent short circuit by a first gate pulse current between the first trigger region (61) and the first emitter region (71), while the second thyristor structure (20) fails to a permanent short circuit by a second gate pulse current between the second trigger region (62) and the second emitter region (72).

The present disclosure relates to a computer-implemented method comprising: estimating a plurality of dynamic phasors x̂_in,k(θ) of a single- or multi-phase input signal x_in(θ), corresponding to an electrical parameter of an electrical power system (EPS), wherein said step of estimating said plurality of dynamic phasors x̂_in,k(θ) comprises: based on information at least indicative of a highest harmonic order of non-negligible dynamic phasors of the input signal x_in(θ), selecting a finite harmonic order k_max equal to or greater than said highest harmonic order of non-negligible dynamic phasors of the input signal x_in(θ), providing a set of matrix representations (x̂, K, d, ŷ, G, I, Γ) based on said input signal x_in(θ) and/or said finite harmonic order k_max, and computing a plurality of matrix operations applied to said set of matrix representations (x̂, K, d, ŷ, G, I, Γ) to provide a corresponding plurality of dynamic phasor estimates x̂_k(θ) (k ∈ {-k_max, ..., k_max}) to said plurality of dynamic phasors x̂_in,k(θ), wherein the plurality of matrix operations represents at least a first step of extracting signals ŷ_k(θ) (k ∈ {-k_max, ..., k_max}) from the input signal x_in(θ) by application of a plurality of lowpass filters, and a second step of applying harmonic cancellation on the signal components y_k(θ) = e^jkθŷ_k(θ), wherein said phase angle θ is controlled via a phase locked loop, PLL, which PLL receives as input at least one component of the plurality of dynamic phasor estimates x̂_k(θ).The present disclosure further relates to a phasor measurement unit, PMU, a monitoring system, a control device, and a power supporting system.

The disclosure provides a method for controlling a hybrid transformer, HT, comprising an electric line with a plurality of phases, a first transformer connected to the electric line in series, and a converter module connected on a first side to the electric line in shunt, and a second side of the converter module, opposite to the first side, being connected to the first transformer; wherein the converter module comprises a shunt connected converter with an alternating current, AC, side which is the first side of the converter module, and the converter module further comprises a series connected converter with an AC side of the series connected converter which is the second side of the converter module, wherein a direct current, DC, side of the shunt connected converter is connected to a DC side of the series connected converter by a DC link, the method comprising: obtaining: a first voltage of each of the plurality of phases of the electric line at a first point of common coupling, PCC, where the shunt connected converter is connected to the electric line in shunt, a second voltage of each of the plurality of phases of the electric line at a second PCC, where the first transformer is connected to the electric line, and a first current of each of the plurality of phases of the electric line at the second PCC; determining a voltage imbalance and/or a current imbalance based on the obtained first voltage, second voltage and/or first current; and controlling, based on the determined voltage imbalance and/or current imbalance, the shunt connected converter to inject an injection current and/or the series connected converter to inject an injection voltage for balancing the magnitudes and/or phase angles of a voltage and/or a current between the plurality of phases of the electric line.

The invention relates to an apparatus (1) for connection to a gas-insulated electrical device (100) and providing an interior for insulating gas, e.g. gas-insulated line or gas-insulated switchgear, comprisinga first housing member (10) sectionally forming the interior, having openings (11, 12, 13) of which a first opening (11) includes a first flange (F1); anda second housing member (30) sectionally forming the interior, including a further flange (F3) and connected for telescoping in an axial direction (X1) and in an electrically conductive manner to the first housing member (10) at a further opening (13) of the openings (11, 12, 13).

The disclosure provides a method for controlling a hybrid transformer, HT, comprising an electric line with a plurality of phases, a first transformer connected to the electric line in series, and a converter module connected on a first side to the electric line in shunt, and a second side of the converter module, opposite to the first side, being connected to the first transformer; wherein the converter module comprises a shunt connected converter with an alternating current, AC, side which is the first side of the converter module, and the converter module further comprises a series connected converter with an AC side of the series connected converter which is the second side of the converter module, wherein a direct current, DC, side of the shunt connected converter is connected to a DC side of the series connected converter by a DC link, the method comprising: generating one or more electric perturbations in the electric line; obtaining: a first voltage of the electric line at a first point of common coupling, PCC, where the shunt connected converter module is connected to the electric line in shunt, wherein the first voltage is influenced by the one or more electric perturbations, a second voltage of the electric line at a second PCC, where the first transformer is connected to the electric line, wherein the second voltage is influenced by the one or more electric perturbations, and/or a first current of the electric line at the second PCC, wherein the first current is influenced by the one or more electric perturbations; and determining an impedance and/or an admittance based on at least one of the one or more electric perturbations, and the obtained one or more of the first voltage, the second voltage and the first current.

It is crucial to understand the impacts of extreme weather events on power grids. However, state-of-the-art metrics provide only limited insights on such impacts, and rely on data acquired during or after the event. Accordingly, embodiments quantify the resiliency of a power grid or other power network using a holistic set of metrics, that captures different types of resiliency, in advance of the event. In an embodiment, the quantification of resiliency may utilize a multi-criteria decision model to compute a probabilistic graph-based risk score and/or a probabilistic power-flow-based risk score. In an embodiment in which both risk scores are computed, an overall risk score may be computed as a combination of the two risk scores. The quantification of resiliency, in this manner, enables the resiliency of the power network to be proactively improved via pre-event control actions, which may implement appropriate resiliency measures.

The disclosure provides a method for determining a grid related optimization task solution for a power grid described by a plurality of decision variables, the method comprising: a machine learned model constrained nonlinear program, NLP, step comprising steps a) to c), preferably in this order: a) determining, by a machine learned model, dynamic security inequality constraints which are dependent on continuous decision variables and a plurality of contingencies; b) optimizing an objective function over the continuous decision variables of the plurality of decision variables and first contingencies of the plurality of contingencies, wherein the dynamic security inequality constraints are considered, wherein at least one of the objective function and the dynamic security inequality constraints is non-linear; c) setting the continuous decision variables of the plurality of decision variables according to the optimized objective function; and determining the grid related optimization task based on the plurality of decision variables

A power transformer (1) comprising a plurality of active components (11) immersed in a fluid (3), a tank (51), and an expansion vessel (52) connected to the tank (51) is specified, wherein a volume (2) in the expansion vessel (52) comprises a porous filler material (4) configured to dampen a sloshing motion of the fluid (3) within the volume (2).

The invention relates to a power semiconductor module (1) and a method to assemble the module. The module comprises an electrically conducting base plate (110) and an electrically conducting top plate (120) arranged parallel, a plurality of power semiconductor devices (100) arranged on the base plate (110) facing the top plate (120), a plurality of electrical contacts (130) electrically connecting the plurality of semiconductor devices (100) in parallel, and a flat plate structure (140) mechanically and/or electrically interconnecting the electrical contacts (130), wherein each of the electrical contacts (130) comprises a presspin body (131) with a pin foot (1312) having a top surface (13121) abutting the flat plate structure (140) and a bottom surface (13122) facing the base plate (110), the top surface (13121) and/or the bottom surface (13122) of each pin foot (1312) has a convex spherical cap shape.

A suspension arrangement for suspending a high voltage valve unit from a load carrying support structure is provided. The suspension arrangement comprises a rigid suspending insulator, a first coupling device, a second coupling device and at least one rotational damper. The rigid suspending insulator is configured to suspend the valve unit from the support structure. The first coupling device is configured to connect the suspending insulator to the support structure. The first coupling device is configured to allow rotation of the suspending insulator relative the support structure about two first perpendicular and substantially horizontal axes. The second coupling device is configured to connect the suspending insulator to the valve unit. The second coupling device is configured to allow rotation of the valve unit relative the suspending insulator about structure about two second perpendicular and substantially horizontal axes. The at least one rotational damper is arranged at the first coupling device to damp relative rotations between the suspending insulator and the support structure about the two first axes, or the at least one rotational damper is arranged at the second coupling device to damp relative rotations between the valve unit and the suspending insulator about the two second axes.

The disclosure provides a method for determining a moisture content of cellulose material of an insulation structure of an oil immersed power equipment, the method comprising: incident light onto the cellulose material; sensing light reflected by the cellulose material; and determining the moisture content of the cellulose material based on the sensed light and the incident light.

The invention relates to an apparatus (1) for connection to a gas-insulated electrical device (100) and providing an interior for insulating gas, e.g. gas-insulated line or gas-insulated switchgear, comprisinga first housing member (10) sectionally forming the interior and having openings (11, 12, 13) of which a first opening (11) has a first flange (F1); anda second housing member (30) sectionally forming the interior, including a further flange (F3) and connected for telescoping in an axial direction (X1) and in an electrically conductive manner to the first housing member (10) at a further opening (13) of the openings (11, 12, 13).

The invention relates to a power semiconductor module (1) comprising an electrically conducting base plate (110) and an electrically conducting top plate (120) arranged parallel to each other, a plurality of semiconductor chips (150) arranged on the baes plate (110) facing the top plate, a plurality of electrical contacts (130), each arranged between the top plate (120) and one of the plurality of semiconductor chips (150), electrically connecting the plurality of semiconductor chips (150) in parallel, and a multi-layered structure (140) comprising a stack of electrically conducting elements (141), wherein the plurality of the electrical contacts (130) are interconnected by the multi-layered structure (140), and each element (141) of the multi-layered structure (140) is mechanically and/or electrically connected to at least one of electrical contacts (130).

A coupling device (100) is provided. The coupling device comprises a universal joint (110) and a rotation damping structure (120). The universal joint is connected to a first support member (112) and a second support member (114). The universal joint allows relative rotation between the two support members about a first axis (X) and a second axis (Y) perpendicular to the first axis. The rotation damping structure (120) comprises four damping elements (330). Each damping element comprises a base section (332), a connector section (334), and a yielding section (336). The yielding section extends between the base section and the connector section. The yielding section is configured to plastically deform by a relative rotation (ω_X, ω_Y) between the base section and the connector section. A first pair (130a) of the damping elements are arranged on opposite sides of the universal joint along the first axis. The base sections of each of the first pair of damping elements are fastened to the first support member. A second pair (130b) of the damping elements are arranged on opposite sides of the universal joint along the second axis. The base sections of each of the second pair of damping elements are fastened to the second support member. The connector sections (134a) of each of the first pair of damping elements are fastened to the connector sections (134b) of each of the second pair of damping elements such that the connector sections (134) of the four damping elements form a rigid loop (450) around the universal joint.

The present disclosure relates to a computer-implemented method for impedance estimation of an electrical power network, wherein a voltage source converter, VSC, is electrically connected to the electrical power network via a point of common connection, PCC, the method comprising: upon detecting a fault perturbing an impedance (Zg) of the electrical power network so that a per-unit impedance (Zg) of the electrical power network deviates from a pre-fault value, determining a set of data points (xk , yk ) based at least on a plurality of measurements of an active power (Pg) and a reactive power (Qg) being exchanged between the VSC and the electrical power network via the PCC; performing a circle fitting on the set of data points (xk , yk ) to estimate a center point (xc_est, yc_est) and a radius (rc_est) of a quasi-power circle (Cqp ); and determining an estimated impedance (Zg_est) of the impedance (Zg) of the electrical power network based on the coordinates of the center point and radius, wherein Rg_est corresponds to an estimated fundamental frequency resistance of the electrical power network and Xg_est corresponds to an estimated fundamental frequency reactance of the electrical power network. A control device implementing the method and a power supporting system are also disclosed.

A housing structure (2) for a power semiconductor module (1) with at least one power semiconductor chip arranged on a mounting portion (6) is specified, comprising- a bottom portion (4) configured to surround the at least one power semiconductor chip arranged on the mounting portion (6) in lateral directions, and- a top portion (3) arranged on the bottom portion (4), wherein- the top portion (3) comprises at least one anchoring element (12) comprising- at least one shaft (13) having a main extension direction in a vertical direction, and- at least one anchoring structure (14) having a main extension direction in lateral directions arranged at the at least one shaft (13),- the bottom portion (4) comprises at least one recess (16),- the at least one shaft (13) is arranged at least partially, and the at least one anchoring structure (14) is arranged completely, in the at least one recess (16), and- a potting material (17) is at least partially arranged in the at least one recess (16).Furthermore, a power semiconductor module (1) and a method for producing a housing structure (2) are specified.

In an embodiment, the method controls a power plant (1) on line, the power plant (1) has a control device (15), the method comprises: - monitoring a dynamic state representation (3) and an actual setting of the control device (15), - simulating, by using a digital model (21) of the power plant (1), an evolution of an operating state of the power plant (1) using a dynamic state representation (3) and the actual setting, and when a criticality of the operating state is predicted by the simulating: - creating varied settings of the control device (15) and simulating further evolutions of the operating state using the varied settings and the dynamic state representation (3), - selecting a future setting from the varied settings, with the future setting avoidance of the criticality is predicted, and - controlling the power plant (1) using the future setting.

A control device (10) for real-time control of a power plant battery energy storage system (BESS) (40) is provided. The control device (10) is operative to obtain target data specifying a time-dependent target characteristics for operation of the power plant BESS (40). The control device (10) is operative to determine an active power limit profile for the power plant BESS (40). The control device (10) is operative to perform an iterative process comprising a plurality of iterations to determine an active power limit for each of several time slots of a prognostic time horizon based on both the target data and active power observations, the active power observations relating to a past time slot preceding the predictive time horizon. The control device (10) is operative to cause or enable a control action based on the active power limit profile.

There is disclosed herein a STATCOM (20), configured to be connected to an electrical power network system (1) comprising at least one inverter-based resource (3) connected to a transformer (4) by an AC transmission line (5). The transformer is connected to an electrical power network (2). The STATCOM is connected between the AC transmission line and the transformer. The STATCOM comprises a converter (22) and a grid forming control system (10) comprising a virtual admittance controller (12) configured to provide a virtual admittance current (I_VA), a voltage flicker balancer controller (14) configured to provide a current reference (I_ref) based on a current measured in the electrical power network system, and a current limiting controller (16) configured to provide a voltage reference (V_ref) for operating the converter of the STATCOM based on the current reference and the virtual admittance current. The present disclosure further relates to an electrical power network system.

The present disclosure relates to a control device (20) configured to control a voltage source converter, VSC, (10) electrically connected to an electrical power network (40) via a point of common connection, PCC, the control device (20) comprising an active power loop controller (21), wherein, when the electrical power network (40) after a fault operates with a short-circuit power indicative of a short-circuit ratio, SCR, within at least one predetermined SCR interval (SCR_I, SCR_II), the active power loop controller (21) is configured to: control an internal frequency (ω_EMF) of the VSC (10) via an active power control circuit (211) when an active power (P_g) being exchanged between the VSC and the electrical power network (40) via the PCC is equal to or below an active power saturation limit (P_{sat_UPlim}), and control the internal frequency (ω_EMF) via the active power control circuit (211) and an active power limiter control circuit (212) to reduce the active power (P_g) below the active power saturation limit (P_{sat_UPlim}) when the active power (P_g) is above the active power saturation limit (P_{sat_UPlim}), wherein the active power saturation limit (P_{sat_UPlim}) is based at least on one of at least one active power limit (P_lim1, P_lim2), each active power limit based at least on at least one parameter (V_g, P_g, Q_g) of the electrical power network (40). A power supporting system and a method of controlling a voltage source converter are also disclosed.

A hybrid foil winding (1) for a transformer comprises a foil conductor element (2) surrounding a longitudinal axis (L) of the winding (1), an inter turn insulation element (6) surrounding the longitudinal axis (L) of the winding (1), and an electrically conductive ring portion (3, 4) that is electrically coupled to the conductor element (2) and that is arranged between the conductor element (2) and the inter turn insulation element (6) with respect to a stacking direction (R) of the winding (1) transverse to the longitudinal axis (L). The hybrid foil winding (1) further comprises an insulation portion (5) that is arranged adjacent to the ring portion (3, 4) with respect to the longitudinal axis (L) and between the conductor element (2) and the inter turn insulation element (6) with respect to the stacking direction (R).

There is disclosed herein a method (100) implemented in a grid forming control system (1) of a power converter (20) being connected to an electrical power network (10). The grid forming control system comprises a synchronization unit (12) providing a back electromotive force, EMF voltage to a virtual admittance controller (14) and a current limiter (16). The method comprises determining (110) a non-limited power parameter based on a non-limited current obtained from the virtual admittance controller and a back electromotive force voltage, determining (120) a limited power parameter based on a limited current obtained from the current limiter and a measured voltage, and providing (130) a power deceleration parameter based on the non-limited power parameter and the limited power parameter, wherein an input to the synchronization unit is based on the power deceleration parameter. The present disclosure further relates to a grid forming control system and an electrical power network system.

A transformer (1) comprises a tank (2) forming a housing of the transformer (1), an active part (3, 4) including electric components for transforming voltage, and a holding structure (5) that is coupled to the active part (3, 4). The transformer (1) further includes a cooling liquid that is arranged in the tank (2) for cooling the active part (3, 4) during operation of the transformer (1), and a metallic damper unit (10) that comprises at least one metallic damping element (11, 12, 13) formed as a mesh pad. The damper unit (10) is coupled to both the holding structure (5) and the tank (2) and arranged between the holding structure (5) and the tank (2) with respect to a weight load path. The active part (3, 4) and the damper unit (10) are immersed in the liquid.

The invention relates to a power semiconductor module comprising a substrate structure (10) with a top metallization layer (20) having a first metallization area (21) and a second metallization area (22); an arrangement of semiconductor devices (30a, 30b) each having a top electrode (31a, 31b) facing away from the substrate structure (10) and a bottom electrode arranged on the first metallization area (21); and an arrangement of bond structures (50a, 50b) each configured for wiring one of the top electrodes (31a, 31b) to the second metallization area (22) along one of two or more wiring directions (W1, W2), wherein an angle (a_tot) between a first and a second wiring direction (W1, W2) of the two or more wiring directions (W1, W2) is at least 30° and up to 150°, characterized by an interconnection structure (40) configured for wiring at least two top electrodes (31a, 31b) of the arrangement of semiconductor devices (30a, 30b) directly to one another.

The disclosure provides an energy storage system (10) comprising: a plurality of energy storage sub-systems(12), wherein at least two of the plurality of energy storage sub-systems are directly or indirectly connected in parallel to each other, wherein each of the plurality of energy storage sub-systems (12) comprises one or more energy storage elements( 22) and a local converter (24) ; wherein each of the one or more energy storage elements (12) are configured to output a corresponding internal voltage and/or internal current ; wherein the corresponding local converter (24) is configured to convert the corresponding internal voltage of at least one of the corresponding one or more energy storage elements (12) to a higher output voltage and/or convert the internal current of at least one of the corresponding one or more energy storage elements to a lower output current.

The present invention relates to a coating material for coating a surface of an apparatus for the generation, the distribution and/or the usage of electrical energy, or a component of such an apparatus, the coating material being a curable resin composition comprising an epoxy resin and a curing agent and having a water content of less than 0.1 wt.-%, the proportion of non-volatile compounds being higher than 70 wt.-% based on the total weight of the composition. According to the invention, the coating material contains at least one conductivity pigment in an amount such that the electrical conductivity of the coating material after curing is from 10<-9> to 10<-6> S/m.

Rotor angle instability is a key criterion of dynamic stability in power networks. State-of-the-art machine-learning approaches are difficult to scale and have limited inputs with which to make predictions as to rotor angle instability. Accordingly, disclosed embodiments utilize a machine-learning model that is applied to bus voltage angles, which are local quantities available at every bus in the power network, to derive a prediction of the risk of rotor angle stability in the power network. These predictions may be biased in order to avoid false negatives. The machine-learning model may be a message-passing neural network. The resulting predictor is capable of quickly and reliably flagging potential rotor instability within a power network.

A dynamic security assessment predicts the dynamic behavior of operating points of a power network, subject to operator-defined contingencies. Generally, dynamic security assessments still require human interaction. Disclosed embodiments use machine learning to determine the value of a security indicator within a numerical range, in which one end represents instability and the other end represents stability. Not only does this enable automated, real-time dynamic security assessments, but it also enables the calculation of a proximity of the power network to instability, a speed at which the power network is approaching instability, and other insights. For increased accuracy of the machine-learning model, the security indicator may be determined at the bus level and/or contingency level.

A high impedance fault (HIF) may cause a section of a power line to burn open. When the fault current is in the same order of magnitude as the normal load current, the protection device that is upstream from the faulted power line will not trip, which may make it difficult to quickly identify the location of the faulted power line. Accordingly, disclosed embodiments leverage advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) data in a weighted least squares (WLS) distribution state estimation to estimate a state of the power network. The estimated states from successive WLS distribution state estimations may be used to calculate power-flow drops, which are used to define the search space for the faulted power line. From this search space, a single power line may be identified as the faulted power line, such that remedial action(s) may be performed to resolve any resulting power outages.

In one embodiment, the bi-mode insulated gate transistor (1), BiGT, comprises: - a pilot region (21) and a mixed region (22) at a bottom side (20), - a first region (31) at a top side (30) opposite the bottom side (20) and atop the pilot region (21), and a second region (32) at the top side (30) and atop the mixed region (22), wherein - the first region (31) and the second region (32) are each provided with a gate electrode (41, 42), and - the gate electrodes (41) in the first region (31) and in the second region (32) are electrically addressable independent from one another.

An electric power converter (1) comprising an enclosure (2) and a plurality of devices (3) that generate heat during operation and are located inside the enclosure (2), wherein- and enclosure (2) comprises an air inlet opening (21) and an air outlet opening (22),- the enclosure (2) is airtight except for the air inlet opening (21) and the air outlet opening (22),- the air inlet opening (21) is configured to be connected to an air mover (41) creating a positive pressure,- an air distribution manifold (51) is located inside the enclosure (2) and connected to the air inlet opening (21), and- the air distribution manifold (51) has air openings (6) directed towards the devices (3).Further, an electric appliance (10) is specified.

The present disclosure relates to a device for providing unifying control of a plurality of converters. The device comprises a central controller configured to obtain current and voltage measurements at at least one reference point, a plurality of local controllers each associated with one of a plurality of converters and each configured to obtain a current and voltage measurement of the respective converter and a plurality of unifying controllers each associated with one of the plurality of converters and configured to provide unifying control of the converters based on control signals of the central controller and/or the respective local controller. The disclosure further relates to a corresponding system, method, storage medium and computer program product.

The invention relates to a transformer assembly (2) which comprises a panel radiator (4) provided at least on one side of the transformer assembly (2), and at least one external reinforcement structure (14, 1401, 1402, 1403, 1404, 1405). The panel radiator (4) comprising a first panel (6) and a second panel (8), wherein the second panel (8) and the first panel (6) are joined along a circumferential edge area (10) of the panel radiator (4) to form an internal space (12) configured to accommodate oil for cooling the transformer assembly. The at least one external reinforcement structure (14, 1401, 1402, 1403, 1404, 1405) is to reinforce at least a portion of the circumferential edge area (10). The external reinforcement structure (14) is provided on at least a lateral region (16, 18) and/or an upper region (20) of the circumferential edge area (10).

The present disclosure relates to a system (100) for controlling communication between a first protection system (PS_A) at a first substation (10_A) of an electrical power network (EPN) and a second protection system (PS_B) at a second substation (10_B) of the electrical power network (EPN), wherein the first substation (10_A) and the second substation (10s) are each electrically connected to a power line (PL), wherein a first protection relay (R_A) of the first protection system (PS_A) and a second protection relay (R_B) of the second protection system (PS_B) provide differential protection, the system (100) comprising: a communication network (1000), the system (100) is configured to: communicate critical data and non-critical data between the first protection system and the second protection system via said plurality of communication paths, wherein said critical data comprises first source data (SD_A) representing a first power line measurement of the power line (PL) at the first substation (10_A), and/or second source data (SD_B) representing a second power line measurement of the power line (PL) at the second substation (10_B), wherein the system (100) further comprises: at least one traffic shaper configured to control at least one network parameter associated with at least one node of said communication network to provide from said plurality of communication paths at least one traffic-shaped communication path in which communication of critical data is prioritized over non-critical data. An electrical power network (EPN) comprising the system and a method of controlling differential protection communication are also disclosed.

The present disclosure relates to a protection assisting device (100) configured to communicatively connect to a first protection system (PS<A>) at a first substation (10<A>) of an electrical power network (EPN) and a second protection system (PS<B>) at a second substation (10<B>) of the electrical power network (EPN), the first substation (10<A>) and the second substation (10<B>) electrically connected to a power line (PL), the first protection system (PS<A>) and the second protection system (PS<B>) communicatively connected via a primary communication network (1001), said first protection system (PS<A>) and said second protection system (PS<B>) cooperating to provide differential protection via a respective first protection relay (R<A>) and a second protection relay (R<B>) based at least on a first power line measurement of the power line (PL) at the first substation (10<A>) and a second power line measurement of the power line (PL) at the second substation (10<B>). The protection assisting device (100) is configured to provide protection assisting information to the first protection relay and the second protection relay based on one or more predetermined protection assistance conditions determined from operational data received from the first protection system and the second protection system via a secondary communication network different from the primary communication network, which secondary communication network is a nondedicated communication network. The present disclosure also relates to a protection assisting system, an electrical power network, and a method of providing differential protection assistance.

There is disclosed herein a system and method for determining updated references converters in a multiterminal DC, MTDC, power network. The method comprises obtaining (410) information for a plurality of converter stations in the MTDC power network, providing (420) the information as input to an optimization problem, and solving (430) the optimization problem numerically to thereby obtain the updated references. The solution ensures the dispatching of power and voltage profiles across the system, minimizing deviations from pre-contingency operations and ensuring compliance with all network constraints.