Deutsche Telekom Patente

The invention relates to a method for operating an optical protection element and/or for protecting an optical network, especially an optical distribution network as part of a telecommunications network, by means of the optical protection element,wherein the optical protection element is configured to protect the optical distribution network on a first side of the optical protection element, at least in part, from inappropriate input signals arriving from a second side, opposite the first side, of the optical protection element, wherein inappropriate input signals comprise optical signals having an optical input power exceeding a threshold value and/or optical signals outside of a predefined optical spectral range,wherein the optical protection element comprises an optical power detector on the second side of the optical protection element as well as a variable optical protector being configured to be switched between at least a first and a second mode of operation, the first mode of operation being a transmission mode of operation allowing the transmission of optical signals for the optical distribution network being operatively used, and the second mode of operation being an optical protection mode of operation,wherein, in order to operate the optical protection element and/or to protect the optical distribution network from inappropriate input signals, the method comprises the following steps:-- in a first step, and while the variable optical protector being in its first mode of operation, the optical power detector detects an inappropriate input signal,-- in a second step, the variable optical protector is switched to its second mode of operation,-- in a third step, the variable optical protector is triggered to be switched to its first mode of operation.

The invention relates to a method for optically supplying electrical power to an optical protection element being part of an optical distribution network as part of a telecommunications network, wherein the optical distribution network comprises an optical line terminal and, in downstream direction from the optical line terminal, a plurality of optical network terminals, wherein the electrical power supply of the optical protection element is based on the optical line terminal providing a power optical signal in downstream direction towards the optical protection element, wherein, in order to optically supply electrical power to the optical protection element, the method comprises the following steps: -- in a first step, the power optical signal is fed, by the optical line terminal, into the optical distribution network, -- in a second step, a power extraction and conversion element of the optical protection element extracts the power optical signal and converts the power optical signal to an electrical supply current.

A method for operating a fiber-optical line system, wherein a first transceiver of the fiber-optical line system transmits light signals via a fiber-optical line of the fiber-optical line system to a second transceiver of the fiber-optical line system, the first transceiver and the second transceiver respectively connected to opposite free ends of the fiber-optical line and the fiber-optical line comprising a plurality of separate optical cables and a plurality of in-line erbium-doted fiber amplifiers, EDFA, interconnecting the separate optical cables; an orchestration system for a fiber-optical line system, a fiber-optic transmission system and a computer program product.

The present disclosure provides secure communication in telecommunication systems by enabling efficient key management for Non-Access Stratum (NAS) security contexts and user plane (UP) flows. It provides a hierarchical key derivation framework where a further key such as a security anchor key, derived from a long-term key shared between the User Equipment (UE) and the Core Network (CN), is distributed to control plane (CP) and user plane (UP) entities. These entities may further derive encryption and integrity protection keys specific to their functions, ensuring robust and context-specific security. The UE, CP, and UP entities may maintain cryptographic state machines for synchronization and support dynamic management of keys for multiple simultaneous flows. The present disclosure may apply to modular and scalable network architectures, such as 5G and future 6G systems, enhancing security, flexibility, and interoperability across diverse network scenarios, including private, hybrid, and distributed networks.

Techniques for managing data traffic in a multipath communication system, comprising:• receiving traffic, by a classifying entity, having Low Latency, Low Loss, and Scalable Throughput, L4S, properties by:∘ monitoring Explicit Congestion Notification, ECN, signaling in the traffic stream, and/or∘ analyzing traffic patterns, service types, and/or quality of service, QoS, requirements;• classifying the detected L4S traffic and non-L4S traffic into separate queues by means of the classifying entity, in particular into a L4S-queue and a non-L4S-queue;• applying a traffic scheduling logic, by a priority scheduler entity, that prioritizes L4S traffic over non-L4S traffic according to a criteria, wherein the criteria determines which data amount of L4S traffic and/or non-L4S traffic is being passed through the priority scheduler entity;• wherein the classifying entity, and the priority scheduler entity are each associated with a multipath scheduler of a sender entity, in particular associated with a scheduler buffer of the sender entity.

Provided is a user equipment, UE. The UE includes processing circuitry configured to gather data about at least one end-to-end, E2E, service and a procedure to verify availability of the E2E service via an access network. The processing circuitry is further configured to attach to a wireless network. The processing circuitry is further configured to execute the procedure to verify availability of the at least one E2E service via the attached wireless network as the access network.

The invention relates to a method for setting up a diskless computer for a virtual radio access network, vRAN, the method comprising: sending, by the diskless computer, a request for a radio access network, RAN, image to a datacenter, the request comprising an unambiguous feature of the server; and receiving, by the diskless computer, the RAN image from the datacenter.

A computer-implemented method for distributing an artificial intelligence, Al, task in a hybrid AI orchestration system, the method comprising: • initiating an AI request for an AI task at a UE-hybrid-AI-orchestrator associated with user equipment, UE; • transmitting a request from the UE-hybrid-AI-orchestrator to a network-assisted-Ai-orchestrator located in a telecommunications network, the AI request soliciting network-related information and/or remote AI capability information relevant to the AI task; • receiving, at the UE-hybrid-AI-orchestrator, network-related information and/or remote AI capability information from the network-assisted-Ai-orchestrator; • analyzing, by the UE-hybrid-AI-orchestrator, the received network-related information and/or remote AI capability information to determine whether to execute the AI task on the UE on an on-device AI model, on a remote AI model within the telecommunications network, and/or on a cloud-based AI model in a remote cloud environment; • executing the AI task based on the determination made by the UE-hybrid-AI-orchestrator, wherein the UE-hybrid-AI-orchestrator: ∘ transmits the AI task to an on-device AI model if local execution is determined, transmits the AI task to the distributed AI model if execution within the telecommunications network is determined, and/or transmits the AI task to a cloud-based AI model in a remote cloud environment if remote cloud execution is determined.

Verfahren zum Filtern von Webseitenabrufen, bei dem ein mit einem Kommunikationsnetz verbundenes Endgerät eine Webseite von einem gewünschten URL eines Internets abruft und der Abruf zugelassen wird, wenn eine Erlaubnisliste das gewünschte URL umfasst. Ferner betrifft die Erfindung ein Computerprogrammprodukt.

A system for providing an entanglement distribution for quantum applications in form of an Entanglement Distribution as a Service (EDaaS), comprising:A network provider plane configured to manage the generation, distribution, forwarding, and storage of entangled quantum states across a quantum network, the network provider plane comprising:- One or more quantum optical elements especially single photon sources, fiber-optic links, beam splitters, single-photon detectors, and quantum memories for generating and maintaining entangled photonic states;- A quantum link layer providing quantum optical connections to distribute entangled photon states between directly connected network nodes;- A quantum network layer configured for dynamic routing of quantum states across multiple optical paths between network nodes;An Application Programming Interface (EdaaS-API) operable at the service level, said API comprising:- A state retrieval interface configured to provide applications with logical and physical addresses of stored quantum states within the quantum memories;- A Q-Push interface configured to enable the export of selected quantum states, based on physical storage addresses, over a quantum channel by triggering the release of entangled photon states;A software-defined network (SDN) management layer configured to dynamically manage the configuration, monitoring, and routing of entangled states across the quantum network, said SDN management layer comprising:- A service configuration module for the deployment and configuration of quantum optical connections;- A resource allocation module for dynamically routing quantum states through optimal optical paths in response to service demands.

Techniken zur gestenbasierten Auswahl eines Objekts in einem 3D-Raum mittels eines tragbaren Geräts, wobei das tragbare Gerät ein Kameramodul mit zumindest einem Kameraobjektiv und einen Prozessor zur Bildanalyse und für Berechnungen umfasst, umfassend die Schritte: • Aufnehmen von Bilddaten des 3D-Raums mittels des Kameramoduls des tragbaren Geräts, wobei aus den Bilddaten ein 3D-Bildobjekt-Datenraum erzeugt wird, der Objekte aufweist, welche auswählbare Interaktionselemente repräsentieren; • Erkennen eines Zeigemittels, insbesondere eines Arms eines Nutzers, unter Verwendung der Bilddaten und Erzeugen eines 3D-Zeigemittel-Vektors unter Verwendung der Bilddaten, wobei das Zeigemittel eine definierte Position relativ zum tragbaren Gerät aufweist, wobei der 3D-Zeigemittel-Vektor eine räumliche Richtung des Zeigemittels wiedergibt; • Zusammenführen des 3D-Bildobjekt-Datenraums und des 3D-Zeigemittel-Vektors in ein gemeinsames Koordinatensystem, wobei der 3D-Zeigemittel-Vektor in dem Koordinatensystem auf ein Objekt des 3D-Bildobjekt-Datenraums zeigt; • Auswählen dieses Objekts, auf das der 3D-Zeigemittel-Vektor zeigt, zur weiteren Verarbeitung durch das tragbare Gerät.

Provided is a first network node communicating in a sequence of network nodes in a network. The first network node comprises circuitry configured to generate a first cryptographic context with a second network node in the sequence. The circuitry is further configured to generate a second cryptographic context with a third network node in the sequence. With respect to the first network node, a directly neighboring network node has access to at most one of the first and the second cryptographic contexts.

The present invention relates to a method in particular for automated visualizing a logical network topology of an implemented 5G mobile network (10), wherein at least one network repository function, NRF, (40, 50, 80) and a plurality of network functions (41.1-41n; 51.1-51.n; 81.1-81.k) are implemented within the 5G mobile network (10). A central visualization application (95) requests all network function information of a plurality of network functions, NFs, (41.1-41n; 51.1-51.n; 81.1-81.k) from at least one NF repository function, NRF, (40, 50, 80) which collects these NF information from each of the plurality of NFs. (41.1-41n; 51.1-51.n; 81.1-81.k) The plurality of NFs (41.1-41n; 51.1-51.n; 81.1-81.k) performs or supports at least one network service or network application implemented in a 5G standardized mobile network (10). The visualization application (95) is configured to retrieve at least some of the NF information from the at least one NRF (40, 50, 80) and to generate in dependence of the received NF information a visual representation (110) of a logical network topology of the 5G mobile network (10), which is defined by the respective network functions.

Techniques for exposing entangled quantum states is disclosed, comprising the following steps:• storing entangled quantum states in a quantum memory at a network node;• storing metadata associated with the quantum states in a classical metadata memory, wherein the metadata includes a physical storage address, a time slot identifier and a logical identifier;• requesting the entangled quantum states from the quantum memory via a classical API;• exposing the entangled quantum states to users of a quantum communication protocol over a quantum communication channel.

Provided is a first network node for communicating with a second network node. The first network node includes circuitry configured to locally generate a first encryption key. The circuitry is further configured to communicate the first encryption key to the second network node via a first communication path. The circuitry is further configured to receive a second encryption key from the second network node via a second communication path. The second communication path involves at least one third network node different from a fourth network node of the first communication path. The circuitry is further configured to communicate encrypted payload data with the second network node. The encryption is based on a combination of the first and second encryption keys.

Examples relate to methods, computer programs, and apparatuses for training a machine learning model to predict a radio quality for user equipment, UE, at a location covered by a mobile communication system and for predicting a radio quality for user equipment at a location covered by a mobile communication system. The method (10) for training a machine learning model to predict a radio quality for user equipment, UE, at a location covered by a mobile communication system comprises generating (11) training data with basic feature training sets, which are based on measurements conducted at positions in a serving radio cell, additional feature sets comprising information about radio parameters of the serving radio cell and/or one or more neighboring radio cells, geometrical features of measurement positions, wherein the geometrical features comprise distances being determining for a radio propagation channel between the serving radio cell and a measurement position, and radio qualities obtained at measurement positions. The method (20) further comprises training (12) the machine learning model with the training data.

The invention relates to a method for using a user equipment with a mobile communication network and/or for an energy-saving operation of the mobile communication network, wherein the mobile communication network comprises a radio access network comprising a plurality of base station entities, wherein a specific base station entity is operated, in a first point in time, in an energy-saving mode and wherein the specific base station entity is activated, in a subsequent second point in time, from the energy-saving mode by means of a predefined uplink radiofrequency signal transmitted by the user equipment, wherein, in the energy-saving mode, the specific base station entity refrains from transmitting system information block 1 and starts to transmit system information block 1 at least once after having been activated from the energy-saving mode, wherein the predetermined uplink radiofrequency signal corresponds to a specific uplink random access channel signal being assigned to the specific base station entity, wherein, in order to operate the mobile communication network, at least partly, in an energy-saving operation, the method comprises the following steps: -- in a first step, the user equipment receives, from the specific base station entity and/or from a different base station entity, activation configuration information, the activation configuration information comprising at least a first piece of assignment information and a second piece of assignment information, wherein each piece of assignment information indicates at least one specific uplink random access channel signal and wherein each piece of assignment information and/or each specific uplink random access channel signal is associated to, or related to, at least one piece of validity time indication, -- in a second step, the user equipment transmits, based on the content of the activation configuration information and based on a determination of a current point in time, one of the specific uplink random access channel signals in order to activate the specific base station entity from the energy-saving mode.

A method for operating a scheduler of an access point of a radio access network, RAN, wherein a distributed real-time application transmits a functional minimum data rate of the distributed real-time application to a scheduler of an access point of a RAN, the access point forwarding data packets transmitted by the distributed real-time application via a wireless connection provided by the access point; the scheduler successively signals determined target bitrates to the distributed real-time application and the distributed real-time application dynamically adjusts a data rate of the transmitted data packets at an offset below the signaled target bitrates; the scheduler measures the offset and normally determines a target bitrate at the measured offset above a determined best effort bitrate for the wireless connection; and the scheduler exceptionally determines the target bitrate to be a minimum target bitrate when the normally determined target bitrate is lower than the exceptionally determined minimum target bitrate, the minimum target bitrate being determined at the measured offset above the transmitted functional minimum data rate; an access point for a RAN, a RAN and a computer program product.

Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft Techniken zur Erkennung eines betrügerischen Internet-Serviceanbieters, umfassend:• Schritt: Erfassen einer Service-Anfrage (220) eines Internetnutzers (210), abgesendet mittels seines Nutzerendgerätes (215), wobei das Nutzerendgerät mit einem Kommunikationsnetzwerk eines Netzwerkanbieters verbunden ist;• Schritt: Weiterleiten (250) der Service-Anfrage an eine Validierungs-Plattform (260) des Netzwerkanbieters, wobei die Validierungs-Plattform die URL und/oder der URL zugeordnete Informationen des aufgerufenen Internet-Serviceanbieters analysiert ();• Schritt: Berechnen eines Betrugsscores basierend auf zumindest einer Überprüfungsvariante, insbesondere ist die zumindest eine Überprüfungsvariante eine Whitelist-Überprüfung von verifizierten Internet-Serviceanbietern;• Schritt: Festlegen eines Schwellenwertes für den Betrugsscore, wobei bei Überschreiten des Schwellenwertes Maßnahmen ergriffen werden, um den Nutzer zu warnen oder den Zugriff auf den Internet-Serviceanbieter (245) zu blockieren, wobei der Nutzer bei einem Unterschreiten des Schwellenwertes an den Internet-Serviceanbieter (240) weitergeleitet wird.

A method and system for ensuring trusted communication and protection from social engineering attacks on a user equipment (UE) in a communication system, the method comprising: • Implementing an AI-powered monitoring module on the user equipment or in a cloud environment, the AI-powered monitoring module being trained on social engineering patterns and/or fraud patterns; • Providing communication content related to the user interaction with his UE to the AI-powered monitoring module, wherein the communication content is content from the user and/or content of a third party, wherein the UE is configured to capture the content of the third party; • Analyzing by the AI-powered monitoring module the communication content and evaluating a threat-score of the communication content; • Warning the user, in particular in real-time, if the threat-score is higher than a security-threshold.

A method for manufacturer-independent configuration of a base station (BTS) in a mobile network, comprising the steps of: • Receiving network specifications in the form of NBX data, • Processing the NBX data by a Cognitive Model Configurator (KMK) module, • Generating manufacturer-specific SBX data by the KMK module using a trained artificial intelligence, • Transmitting the SBX data via an SBI interface to the BTS for configuration and control.

The invention relates to a method for performing a test of an in-vehicle system entity or functionality of a vehicle using a back-end server, wherein the in-vehicle system entity or functionality is used with a mobile communication network, at least one mobile communication device of another vehicle being connected to the mobile communication network, wherein the mobile communication network comprises an access network, a core network, and a plurality of base station entities, and the mobile communication network comprising or being associated with at least one public safety answering point and/or test functionality, wherein the at least one mobile communication device is an operative mobile communication device, being used operatively with the mobile communication network,wherein at least one test mobile communication device, being part of or assigned to the in-vehicle system entity or functionality, is simultaneously connected to the mobile communication network, the at least one test mobile communication device, being used - with at least a part of the mobile communication network - for performing the test of the in-vehicle system entity or functionality in view of handling emergency calls as IP multimedia subsystem based packet switched emergency calls and/or session initiation protocol based packet switched emergency calls,wherein, in view of performing a specific emergency test call in order to test the in-vehicle system entity or functionality, the method comprises the following steps:-- in a first step, the test mobile communication device transmits at least a first test session request message to the back-end server, and receives at least a first test session response message from the back-end server, wherein the communication between the test mobile communication device and the back-end server involves the transmission, by the test mobile communication device, of a specific content of the specific emergency test call to the back-end server,-- in a second step, subsequent to the first step, the specific emergency test call, or its specific content, is received by the public safety answering point and/or test functionality and handled according to regulatory requirements.

A method and system for managing radio resources in a mobilecommunication network comprising a plurality of cells, wherein each cell operates on a distinct frequency and is part of a sector, the method comprising:a) step: Assessing traffic data of cells, in a sector based on historical traffic data to determine a time-dependent traffic prediction for the cells of the sector;b) step: Determining a radio capacity of each cell based on the available radio resources in each cell, wherein each cell's frequency contributes to a total radio sector capacity;c) step: Assigning a priority indicator to each frequency within the sector, wherein the priority indicator determines the order in which features are applied to the respective frequencies;d) step: Comparing a radio-capacity-threshold for each frequency of the sector with the time-dependent traffic prediction for the respective frequency, wherein the radio-capacity-threshold for each frequency is a function of the priority indicator and the radio capacity of each cell;e) step: Applying a feature to a specific cell, in particular separately for the Uplink and Downlink, if the time-dependent traffic prediction for that cell is lower than the cell's radio-capacity-threshold

Examples relate to a method, a computer program, and an apparatus for enabling machine learning enhanced data analytics and an agent function. The method (10) for enabling machine learning-based data analytics in a telecommunication system (400) comprises obtaining (12) data records to be analyzed from one or more network functions of the telecommunication system (400). The method (10) further comprises vectorizing (14) the data records, storing (16) the data in a vectorized manner in a data storage, and providing (18) the vectorized data for data analytics upon request from a data analytics function in the telecommunication system (400).

Techniques for managing data analytics in a network environment, the method comprising: • providing access to a data market application, wherein the data market application includes a portal for user interaction, a data management platform (132) for business logic and/or analytics development, and a network function (NF); • enabling users to retrieve network data from a data collection network function (NF), in particular by using a data based interface (145); • facilitating the development, training, and/or testing of network models, in particular analytics models, using the data retrieved from the network; • deploying the tested and validated network models, in particular analytics model, into a network core for execution; and • providing the tested and validated network models, in particular the analytics model, into a network core network management system for orchestration of appropriate NF and execution.

The invention relates to a method for realizing non-access stratum communication between a user equipment and at least one of a plurality of network functions or services of a telecommunications network that comprises, or is associated with, a access network and a core network, wherein the access network comprises a plurality of base station entities wherein at leat one thereof serves the user equipment,wherein the non-access stratum communication involves a first non-access stratum communication link between the user equipment and a first network function or service of the plurality of network functions or services, and a second non-access stratum communication link between the user equipment and a second network function or service of the plurality of network functions or services,wherein, in case of a failure of the first non-access stratum communication link, the method comprises at least one of the following steps:-- the user equipment sends a non-access stratum service degradation indication to one or a plurality of the plurality of network functions or services,-- one or a plurality of the plurality of network functions or services send a non-access stratum service degradation indication to the user equipment,-- one of the plurality of network functions or services sends a non-access stratum service degradation indication to another of the plurality of network functions or services,-- one of the plurality of network functions or services sends a non-access stratum service degradation indication to the access network, especially to the base station entity serving the user equipment,-- the user equipment or a network node or network element of the core network or of the access network is pre-configured with a non-access stratum service degradation indication associated with a given non-access stratum failure event.

Examples relate to methods, computer programs, and apparatuses for labelling and for supporting labelling of alarms of a telecommunication system and for training machine learning models. The method (10) for labeling an alarm from a telecommunication system (400) comprises obtaining (12) alarm information and determining (14) relevant features of the alarm using a machine learning model (44). The method (10) further comprises querying (16) a data base (42) based on the relevant features of the alarm to obtain information about relevant incident or configuration tickets, wherein the data base (42) comprises information about incident and configuration tickets of the telecommunication system (400). The method (10) further comprises labeling (18) the alarm as relevant if relevant incident or configuration tickets are obtained

Provided is a method (500) for managing NF authorization in a mobile network using an NRF (116). It is stored (510), at the NRF (116), a network-level profile (403) comprising authorization policy information defining permissions and/or access rights applicable across multiple NF entities. It is received (520), by the NRF (116), a request for an authorization token from a requesting entity (420) to access a target NF entity (410). It is determined (530), by the NRF (116), the authorization token based on at least the network-level profile (403). It is issued (540), by the NRF (410), the authorization token to the requesting entity (420) based on the determined authorization.

Provided is concept for managing configurations in systems, particularly in Radio Access Networks (RAN). Embodiments address the complexities of handling network policies and configurations using a graph-based approach. Policies and target objects are modeled as nodes in a graph structure, with their interdependencies represented by connections. This allows for the identification and resolution of conflicts between policies affecting the same target objects. The concept utilizes a graph database for querying and optimizing network performance by ensuring that policies are consistently and effectively applied.

Provided is a clock provision system. The clock provision system comprises an interface for coupling to a cellular network and a plurality of locally distributed nodes configured to measure reception times of entangled particles using local clocks of the plurality of distributed nodes. The clock provision system is configured to determine a time correlation of the entangled particles based on the measured reception times. The clock provision system is further configured to synchronize the local clocks of the plurality of nodes based on the determined time correlation. The clock provision system is further configured to control the interface to output at least one clock signal to the cellular network, the at least one clock signal being generated using at least one of the synchronized local clocks.

Die vorliegende Erfindung betriff Techniken zur Validierung eines Internet-Serviceanbieters mittels eines personalisierten Validierungs-Siegels, umfassend: • Anfordern eines Dienstes angeboten von dem Internet-Serviceanbieters durch einen Nutzer über ein Nutzerendgerät, insbesondere einem Smartphone oder einem Computer, das mit einem Kommunikationsnetzwerk eines Netzwerkanbieters verbunden ist, • Weiterleiten der Anfrage des Nutzers an einen einem Netzwerkanbieter zugeordneten Validierungs-Dienst, der die Identität des Internet-Serviceanbieters ermittelt, Hinzufügen eines personalisierten dem Internet-Serviceanbieters unbekannten Validierungs-Siegels des Nutzers mittels des Validierungs-Dienst bei erfolgreicher Validierung des Internet-Serviceanbieters, wobei das Validierungs-Siegels in einer Darstellung des Dienstes des Internet-Serviceanbieters auf dem Nutzerendgerät oder auf einem weiteren Nutzerendgerät dargestellt wird, wobei das Hinzufügen des personalisierten Validierungs-Siegels des Nutzers verhindert wird, wenn der Internet-Serviceanbieter nicht erfolgreich validiert wird.

The invention relates to a method for operating a broadband access network of a telecommunications network, the broadband access network comprising at least one network domain, wherein the network domain comprises, or is assigned to or has access to a control plane comprising a policy decision and enforcement entity or functionality, wherein a specific network node of the network domain is connected such as to provide communication services to customers of the telecommunications network and receives traffic from at least one of a plurality of traffic sources as part of the broadband access network, especially as part of the network domain, wherein, in order to realize a reliable accounting functionality despite a potential overload situation, the method comprises the following steps: -- in a first step, the specific network node detects an overload situation and transmits an overload indication to the policy decision and enforcement entity or functionality, -- in a second step, the policy decision and enforcement entity or functionality transmits a traffic reduction control message to the at least one of the plurality of traffic sources, the traffic reduction control message indicating to reduce traffic, or mark counting invalid, due to an overload situation.

Provided is an optical lattice clock. The optical lattice clock includes multiple optical resonators. The optical lattice clock further includes an optical system configured to pump photons into the optical resonators to form an optical lattice in each of the optical resonators for spatially trapping non-linear atoms in the optical resonators. The optical system is configured to pump the photons based on two-photon losses in the optical lattice clock to drive the non-linear atoms in the optical resonators into synchronized limit cycle oscillations . The optical lattice clock is further configured to generate a clock signal based on a probed clock transition of the non-linear atoms. The clock transition is probed when the limit cycle oscillations of the non-linear atoms in the optical resonators are synchronized.

The invention relates to a method for using a service enabler architecture layer for verticals, SEAL, and an uncrewed aerial system application enabler layer, UAE layer, with an uncrewed aerial system application specific layer implementation for managing no-transmission zone communication and/or for providing no-transmission zone information to at least one uncrewed aerial system user equipment, wherein a service enabler architecture layer server, an uncrewed aerial system application enabler server, and a uncrewed aerial system application specific server and used are the at least one uncrewed aerial system user equipment comprises, respectively, an uncrewed aerial system application specific client, an uncrewed aerial system application enabler client, and a service enabler architecture layer client, wherein, in order for managing no-transmission zone communication and/or for providing no-transmission zone information to the at least one uncrewed aerial system user equipment, the method comprises the following steps: -- in a first step, the uncrewed aerial system application specific server communicates with the uncrewed aerial system application enabler server, -- in a second step, the uncrewed aerial system application enabler server communicates with the uncrewed aerial system application enabler client.

A method for operating an access point of a radio access network, RAN, wherein an access point of a RAN forwards data packets transmitted by a real-time application via a wireless connection provided by the access point; a scheduler of the access point, in a current mode of the scheduler, continuously determines a best effort bitrate for the wireless connection and a target bitrate for the distributed real-time application dependent on the best effort bitrate, the best effort bitrate being based on a fair allocation of spectral resources of the access point and on radio conditions of the wireless connection, and signals the determined target bitrate to the distributed real-time application; the distributed real-time application dynamically adjusts a data rate of the transmitted data packets dependent on the signaled target bitrate; an access point for a RAN and a computer program product.

The invention relates to a method for performing a handover operation of a user equipment in a mobile communication network, wherein the mobile communication network comprises a radio access network comprising a plurality of base station entities, wherein, prior to the handover operation, the user equipment is served by a source base station entity, and, subsequent to the handover operation, the user equipment is served by a target base station entity, wherein the method comprises the following steps:-- in a first step, the source base station entity transmits a handover request message to the target base station entity, and-- in a second step, the target base station entity transmits a handover request acknowledge message,wherein a history information element relating to the user equipment-- is either transmitted as part of the handover request message,-- or is transmitted, to the target base station entity, by the user equipment,wherein the history information element comprises a last data usage information comprising pieces of data usage information regarding base station entities previously used by the user equipment.

The invention relates to a method for using a service enabler architecture layer for verticals, SEAL, and an uncrewed aerial system application enabler layer, UAE layer, with an uncrewed aerial system application specific layer implementation for managing no-transmission zone communication and/or for enforcing no-transmission zone information with at least one uncrewed aerial system user equipment,wherein a service enabler architecture layer server, an uncrewed aerial system application enabler server, a uncrewed aerial system application specific server and a location management server are used and the at least one uncrewed aerial system user equipment comprises, respectively, an uncrewed aerial system application specific client, an uncrewed aerial system application enabler client, and a service enabler architecture layer client,wherein, in order for managing no-transmission zone communication and/or for enforcing no-transmission zone information to the at least one uncrewed aerial system user equipment, the method comprises the following steps:-- in a first step, the uncrewed aerial system application enabler server receives a location information from the location management server,-- in a second step, the uncrewed aerial system application enabler server communicates with both the uncrewed aerial system application enabler client and the uncrewed aerial system application specific server.

The invention relates to a method for providing at least one sensing-related service and/or for generating training data and/or sensing model data by means of processing sensing-related data that is generated within or as part of a mobile communication network, wherein the mobile communication network comprises at least a sensing function and a positioning function, wherein, as part of the sensing function, the mobile communication network comprises a sensing-capable or sensing-enabled entity or functionality, wherein the sensing-capable or sensing-enabled entity or functionality performs sensing by means of receiving radiofrequency sensing reception signals based on which information is able to be obtained about an area related to, or in the vicinity of, the sensing-capable sensing-enabled entity or functionality, wherein, as part of the positioning function, the mobile communication network is able to provide location information regarding active objects of, or connected or related to or detectable by, the mobile communication network, wherein, in order to provide at least one sensing-related service and/or in order to generate training and/or sensing model data, the method comprises the following steps: -- in a first step, the sensing function performs sensing in an area related to, or in the vicinity of, the sensing-capable or sensing-enabled entity or functionality, -- in a second step, the positioning function gathers location information regarding active objects in the area related to, or in the vicinity of, the sensing-capable or sensing-enabled entity or functionality, -- in a third step, the sensing function receives the location information regarding the active objects and uses the location information to obtain ground truth data for labeling.

Examples relate to a to a method, a computer program, and an apparatus for allocating radio resources in a tracking area of a mobile communication system. The method (10) for allocating radio resources in a tracking area of a mobile communication system, the tracking area comprising a plurality of radio cells and two or more network slices are configured in the tracking area, comprises passively allocating (12) radio resources for a network slice in the tracking area. The passively allocated radio resources are inactive for radio communication of the corresponding network slices. The method (10) further comprises actively allocating (14) the passively allocated radio resources in a cell of the tracking area for the network slice by admission of a user equipment, UE, to the network slice to obtain actively allocated radio resources. At least a part of the actively allocated radio resources is used for radio communication with the UE of the network slice in the cell.

Examples relate to a method, a computer program, and an apparatus for choosing a supported transport layer protocol at a first network node of a telecommunication system for communicating with a second network node of the telecommunication system. The method (10) for choosing a supported transport layer protocol at a first network node (200) of a telecommunication system (300) for communicating with a second network node (220) of the telecommunication system (300) comprises obtaining (12), at the first network node (200), information about one or more supported transport layer protocols of the second network node (220). The method (10) further comprises selecting (14) a supported transport layer protocol, which is supported by the first network node (200) and the second network node (220), based on the information about the sup-ported transport layer protocols of the second network node (220). The method (10) also comprises communicating (16) messages between the first network node (200) and the second net-work node (220) based on the supported transport layer protocol.