Nokia Solutions and Networks Patente

Apparatuses and methods for controlling electromagnetic field exposure are presented. Angular spread of a radio channel is determined (300), where the determined angular spread is configured for use by a transmission point for transmission. Based on the determined angular spread, the beamwidth is selected (302) in at least one of an azimuth or an elevation direction of an antenna arrangement configured for use with the transmission point for transmission of the radio channel.

The present invention discloses an apparatus for use by a pathfinding device, comprising at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to: obtain a first set of nodes of a polygon indicating a first Permitted-Moving - Zone, PMZ, wherein, the first PMZ is not overlapping with any other PMZs; determine a group of Non-permitted-Moving-Zones, NMZs, that lies within the first PMZ or intersects with the first PMZ as its relevant NMZs; and determine a visibility graph for the first PMZ based on its relevant NMZs.

Example embodiments describe an optical line terminal, OLT (301, 311), configured to communicate with respective sets of optical network units, ONUs (131 - 134), within a plurality of passive optical networks, PONs (181 - 183), optically connected to the OLT at respective PON ports (141 - 143) of at least one OLT line card (140); wherein the OLT further comprises a shared scheduler engine (303, 313) configured to allocate non-overlapping upstream transmission opportunities (251, 252, 253) to traffic-bearing entities of the ONUs within the respective PONs (181 - 183) during a shared upstream allocation interval (250) by synchronizing the time of arrival (264) at the OLT of the shared upstream allocation interval for the respective PONs (250a, 250b, 250c).

A method of a networking device is disclosed comprising: (a) establishing a Media Access Control security (MACsec) key agreement (MKA) session with another networking device; (b) generating a pre-shared key (PSK); (c) distributing the PSK generated in step (b) to the other networking device; and, optionally, (d) establishing a new MKA session using the PSK generated in step (b) to secure the new MKA session.

Described herein is a method, a network node a computer readable medium for providing human interpretable semantic information of one or more network states generated during execution of a network component of a target communication network or a network digital twin, NDT, of a corresponding target communication network. The method is capable of generating a trained network state information model which is configured to identify and anticipate human interpretable semantic information of the one or more network states comprehensible for network experts so that no additional means are required to identify potential errors or conditions within a present network systems, wherein said method comprises at least the steps of: receiving a set of data elements and information identifying pre-defined test cases under which a SWNC is executed in a second target communication network; training, on the basis of the received set of data elements and information, a network state information model to determine human interpretable semantic information of at least one network state of the SWNC identified during execution in the first target communication network based on the identified network states; applying at least one network model including the trained network state information model to the first target communication network to generate at least one human interpretable semantic information of one or more network states of the SWNC determined during execution in the first target communication network; and reporting, by the trained network state information model, the at least one human interpretable semantic information associated with the one or more network states.

Apparatus and method of implementing a registry smart contract on a permissioned distributed ledger (PDL). In an embodiment, an apparatus operates the PDL on a distributed network of peer nodes, and executes a registry smart contract deployed on the PDL, in response to receiving a register request regarding a registering peer node, to identify node information comprising at least endpoint information of the registering peer node, generate a transaction proposal to record the node information of the registering peer node on the PDL, provide the transaction proposal to a group of the peer nodes for approval, and record the node information of the registering peer node as a transaction on the PDL when approval is granted.

Various example embodiments of a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) direct detection (DD) system are presented. The WDM DD system may be configured to support WDM within the context of any WDM system supporting communication of wavelength channels based on modulation formats recoverable by direct detection (e.g., based on intensity-modulated (IM) signals within the context of a WDM IM-DD system, single-sideband (SSB) signals within the context of a WDM SSB-DD system, or the like). The WDM DD system may be configured to support WDM within the context of a WDM DD system, based on labeling of the wavelength channels with a set of states of spatial mode and polarization (SoSPs), based on use of an SoSP labeler on the transmit side to associate SoSPs with the wavelength channels and based on use of a receiver on the receive side to detect the SoSPs and recover the wavelength channels based on the SoSPs.

There are provided measures for efficient utilization of machine learning processing resources. Such measures exemplarily comprise, for preparing, based on initial data, input data for an input layer of a machine learning model having said input layer, at least one inner layer, and an output layer, and being learned and/or deployed at processing hardware providing a plurality of processing channels, each processing channel comprising a dedicated processor and a dedicated memory range, wherein said initial data is arranged in a first array having a first dimension equal to or larger than 1, a second dimension equal to or larger than 1, and a third dimension equal to or larger than 1, wherein a data amount of each element of said first array is equal to a predetermined amount, if said predetermined amount multiplied with a size of said first dimension and a size of said second dimension exceeds a size of said dedicated memory range and if said third dimension is smaller than a number of said plurality of processing channels: partitioning said first array in said first dimension and said second dimension into a plurality of uniform sub-arrays, wherein a number of said plurality of sub-arrays is based on said dedicated memory range, performing, for each sub-array field index position of a plurality of selected sub-array field index positions, a down-sampling operation on said first array of said initial data, said down-sampling operation includes selecting, from each sub-array, a field at said sub-array field index position, and generating, for each index position in said third dimension, a second array including said elements corresponding to said selected fields and said index position in said third dimension, in an arrangement corresponding to an arrangement of said plurality of uniform sub-arrays, and assigning each of generated second arrays in order of generation to a respective processing channel of said plurality of processing channels as said input data.

A photonic integrated circuit for modulating light includes an electro-optic modulator disposed along a top surface of a substrate. The electro-optic modulator includes an optical waveguide segment connected between two optical waveguide loop mirrors. At least one of the two optical waveguide loop mirrors includes a Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) having a pair of 2x2 optical couplers at opposite ends thereof to couple light in and out of the MZM, one of the 2x2 couplers being terminated by a waveguide loop. Substituting MZI tuning circuits comprising a thermal tuner connected in series between two directional couplers for the 2x2 optical couplers can compensate for coupler fabrication errors that may affect power splitting, ensuring a near perfect 50:50 power splitting ratio thus enabling improvements in both modulation voltage and modulation bandwidth.

The present subject matter relates to a method for reception of data in a wireless communication system, the method comprising: receiving a set of soft bits, referred to as set of raw soft bits, representing at least part of the data; inputting the set of raw soft bits into a machine learning model, to obtain an output comprising a set of symbols, referred to as set of refined soft symbols, and a set of one or more values indicating a signal disturbance level for the set of refined soft symbols; providing the set of refined soft symbols and the set of one or more values for enabling a decoding of the at least part of the data.

A network node comprises at least one queue for storing received packets, wherein the packets include first packets belonging to at least one first flow and second packets belonging to at least one second flow. A scheduler schedules transmission of the stored packets via at least one network link and extracts the stored packets from the in at least one queue based on the scheduled transmission. A policer marks some of the first packets with a congestion indicator before transmission. The network node is configured to: determine respective serving rates for the at least one first flow and the at least one second flow, a serving rate being determined for a flow and indicating a rate with which packets of the considered flow are extracted by the scheduler; compute, for a flow among the at least one first flow, a respective target serving rate to converge to, wherein a target serving rate for a flow is computed based on the serving rates; and configure the policer with a policer parameter for controlling an amount of packets to be marked in a flow among the at least one first flow, wherein the policer parameter is based on the target serving rate determined for the considered flow.

A method comprising transmitting to a set of one or more devices, at least one radio frequency signal, the transmitting comprising: applying (201) a current first set of analog weights to the at least one radio frequency signal to distribute the at least one radio frequency signal to antenna elements of the antenna array in accordance with a distribution of the first set of analog weights, resulting in antenna element level signals; and applying (203) a predefined second set of analog weights to the antenna element level signals to distribute the antenna element level signals to radiators of the antenna elements in accordance with a distribution of the second set of analog weights.

Disclosed is a method comprising collecting network data from a plurality of access points within a wireless network; selecting, based on the age of the network data, a digital twin approach from at least two pre-defined digital twin approaches for simulating the wireless network; determining one or more optimized channel configurations for the plurality of access points based at least on the network data and the digital twin approach selected; and applying one of the one or more optimized channel configurations to the plurality of access points within the wireless network.

Method comprisingstoringone or more service profiles for a service and,for the service profiles, one or more function profiles for the respective service profile;receiving a first inquiry comprising an indication of the service and an intent for the service;selecting one of the service profiles based on the intent for the service;replying, in response to the first inquiry, by a first reply comprising the selected one of the service profiles;receiving a second inquiry comprising an indication of the selected service profile and a service plan;selecting one of the function profiles for the selected service profile based on the service plan;replying, in response to the second inquiry, by a second reply comprising the selected one of the function profiles for the selected service profile.

Method comprisingderiving first actions to adapt an allocation of resources of a first slice of a base station to fulfill a first performance requirement independently from an allocation of the resources of a second slice of the base station;providing information about the first actions;deriving a set of second actions to adapt the allocation of the resources of the second slice to fulfill a second performance requirement independently from the allocation of the resources of the first slice;providing information about the second actions;jointly optimizing the allocation of the resources of the first slice and the second slice based on the information about the first actions, the allocation of the resources of the first slice, the information about the second actions, and the allocation of the resources of the second slice to derive modified first actions and modified second actions;instructing the base station to apply the modified first actions and modified second actions.

In some embodiments, there may be provided a method that includes In some embodiments, there may be provided a method that includes receiving an indication to perform a single class inference task using a machine learning model that is trained to perform a multi-class inference task; in response to the indication, applying, during a timeframe of execution of the machine learning model hosted by the user equipment, at least one mask mapped to the single class inference task; and reconfiguring the machine learning model to a state where the first set of nodes and the second set to perform the multi-class inference task. Related systems, methods, and articles of manufacture are also disclosed.

An apparatus may generate (6002), based on computed estimates on channel properties, at least one initial solution to an optimization problem or iterative algorithm. The apparatus may generate the computed estimates by a radio-aware digital twin, RADT.

A photonic integrated circuit (PIC) includes an optical edge coupler configured to optically couple the PIC to an optical fiber. The edge optical coupler comprises an optical waveguide core that is at least 2 microns thick and is disposed over a first cladding layer configured to guide light of an operating wavelength of the PIC in the optical waveguide core. The optical waveguide core and the first cladding layer have a low refractive index difference therebetween to form a weakly guiding waveguide. In an example implementation, the PIC is silicon-based, and both the cladding and the optical core of the edge optical coupler include a silicon oxide material.

Various example embodiments for supporting optical communications in an optical communication system are presented herein. Various example embodiments for supporting optical communications in an optical communication system may be configured to use a technology-aware optical device (130, 200, 330, 400) to support co-existence of multiple optical technology types in a point-to-multipoint optical network (100).

An apparatus for a wireless communication system, the apparatus comprising means for determining, based on historic multi-dimensional resource allocation information of a network device for the wireless communication system, a condensed one-dimensional representation of the historic multi-dimensional resource allocation information using a first model, determining predicted condensed one-dimensional resource allocation information based on the condensed one-dimensional representation of the historic multi-dimensional resource allocation information using a second model, which is different from the first model, expanding the predicted condensed one-dimensional resource allocation information using the first model to obtain predicted multi-dimensional resource allocation information for the network device.

Various example embodiments of a secure communication capability are presented. The secure communication capability may be configured to support use of a Media Access Control (MAC) Security Tag (SecTag) header, within the context of Media Access Control Security (MACsec) or any Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) layer capable of using the SecTag header, to secure communications between communication devices. The secure communication capability may be configured to support use of packet numbers (PNs), including 64-bit PNs, within the SecTag header. The secure communication capability may be configured to support use of 64-bit PNs by encoding 64-bit PNs within a Packet Number (PN) field of the SecTag header. The secure communication capability may be configured to support use of 64-bit PNs within the MAC SecTag header in a manner for supporting use of PN partitioning for secure communication over multi-link paths.

An apparatus for digital pre-distortion of a real valued signal in a real domain not a complex domain to produce a pre-distorted real valued signal (30), wherein digital pre-distortion is performed based on a comparison between a feedback real-valued signal signal (123), a real-valued signal to be transmitted (121) and/or the pre-distorted version of this signal (30).

The present subject matter relates to a method comprising: determining, for a specific time unit, an available set of frequency resource units, for each signal path of multiple signal paths, determine at least one feature vector descriptive of a set of devices, the set of frequency resource units and the signal path, perform per feature vector of the at least one feature vector an inference pass of a reinforcement machine learning agent model to obtain an individual output using the feature vector as input, and use the at least one individual output to determine an individual scheduling configuration of the set of frequency resource units to the set of devices; using the individual scheduling configurations to determine a scheduling decision to assign the set of frequency resource units to the set of devices, such that a frequency resource unit can be assigned to one or more signal paths.

The present subject matter relates to a method comprising: receiving a radio frequency signal comprising a first radio frequency signal, the first radio frequency signal being configured to comprise a control information set,; obtaining a first set of symbols representing the control information set from a frequency domain of the radio frequency signal; inputting at least the first set of symbols to a machine learning model to obtain an output set, wherein the output set indicates a content of the control information set or a non-transmission event with no control information present.

Example embodiments of the present disclosure relate to methods, devices, apparatuses, and media for passive optical network activation. According to example embodiments of the present disclosure, a first apparatus receives, from a second apparatus, a key control message during a process of a key exchange. The key control message indicates the first apparatus to: generate a key by applying a cipher algorithm to be used and transmit the key, or confirm a key corresponding to a currently used cipher algorithm. The key control message further indicates the first apparatus to generate a key report based on the key control message, and transmit the key report to the second apparatus. In this way, the key and the cipher algorithm in the communication process of the first apparatuses and the second apparatuses can be matched, and the channel working stability is improved.

Disclosed is an apparatus for computationally intensive applications, such as information technology applications requiring computational power. Disclosed is an apparatus arranged to provide an analog signal to at least one input of an analog compute-in-memory resistive matrix comprised in said apparatus, and to receive a digital signal from at least one direct-drive analog-to-digital converter in the output of said at least one analog compute-in-memory resistive matrix.

An antenna array of frequency-independent phase shifters may be configured to provide band-specific beamforming over a plurality of operating bands by determining, based on a first frequency allocation on a first operating band with first angular directions, at least a second frequency allocation on a second operating band with a second angular directions, so that a first set of predefined requirements comprising at least beamforming requirements on frequency allocations and angular directions are met on all operating bands, determining beamforming weights, and configuring the antenna array to apply the beamforming weights.

Disclosed is a method comprising receiving a message comprising information related to a communication link between a network node and a user equipment, wherein the message further comprises at least a part of an application correlation identifier indicating at least one of: one or more application flows served to the user equipment via the network node, or a user connection used for delivering the one or more application flows to the user equipment via the network node; correlating the one or more application flows or the user connection to the information related to the communication link, based at least on the application correlation identifier; and performing one or more actions for adjusting the one or more application flows or the user connection, based on the information correlated to the one or more application flows or to the user connection.

The present subject matter relates to a method comprising transmitting to a device a radio frequency signal comprising a first radio frequency signal and a second radio frequency signal, wherein the first radio frequency signal is generated through a first transmission chain, the first transmission chain being configured to implement a first sequence of operations to generate the first radio frequency signal from first data; wherein the second radio frequency signal is generated through a second transmission chain, the second transmission chain being configured to implement a second sequence of operations to generate the second radio frequency signal from second data; wherein the second sequence of operations is different from the first sequence of operations.

An apparatus for a device for a wireless communication system, the apparatus comprising at least one processor, and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to: determine (202) at least one candidate peak (CP) of a sensing power information tensor (SPIT) derivable from a complex sensing information tensor (CSIT) acquired with a first mask and associated with multidimensional channel state information (CSI-RXFR) obtained based on at least one received radio frame (RXFR), determine (204), for the at least one candidate peak (CP), refined peak information (PI-REF) based on the first mask and a predetermined second mask.

A polarization sensing element (30, 30A) is proposed to be used with one or more receivers in a PON (10) system, a separate polarization sensing element located with selected receivers in a one-to-one association. The polarization sensing element (30, 30A) is configured to track polarization changes in received signals while still using the IM-DD based transceivers to maintain compatibility with current (as well as future) IM-DD based PONs. Polarization sensing at several PON (10) receivers may be used to monitor conditions at the fiber spans forming the ODN (16) and report abnormal" conditions that may arise from the fiber itself (e.g., from a severe bend in a fiber span) or environmental changes at a fiber location (e.g., vibrations, excessive temperatures changes).

Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a method, an apparatus and a computer readable medium for automatically measuring a service interruption time of a point-to-point or multipoint Ethernet service during path switchover. In the method, the first apparatus detects, based on a continuity check message (CCM) set, at least one loss of continuity defect (dLOC) associated with a service interruption of an Ethernet service, and then determine a first timestamp indicating a raise time of a first dLOC among the at least one dLOC, and a second timestamp indicating a clear time of a last dLOC among the at least one dLOC. Then, the first apparatus sends the first timestamp and the second timestamp to a second apparatus. A second apparatus determines a service interruption time of a multipoint Ethernet service based on at least one first timestamp and at least one second timestamp received from a plurality of first apparatuses. Alternatively, an apparatus detects a loss of continuity defect (dLOC) or a remote defect indication defect (dRDI) based on a CCM set, and determines a first timestamp indicating a start of a service interruption, and a second timestamp indicating an end of the service interruption, to determine a service interruption time of a multi-point Ethernet service.

Method comprisingdetermining, in a trusted execution environment, values of hyperparameters of a machine learning model based on private data stored in the trusted execution environment, wherein the hyperparameters include system-specific hyperparameters and model-specific hyperparameters;training, in the trusted execution environment, the machine learning model to which the determined values of the system-specific and model-specific hyperparameters are applied to obtain, after one or more epochs of training, a sufficiently trained machine learning model;outputting the sufficiently trained machine learning model from the trusted execution environment; and,inhibiting output of the determined values of the system-specific hyperparameters from the trusted execution environment, whereinthe system-specific hyperparameters are not accessible in the outputted sufficiently trained machine learning model.

An apparatus, such as an E2 node, may transmit (501), to a near-real-time radio access network intelligent controller, in an RIC assistance service request message, an indication on a machine learning training RIC assistance service requested by the E2 node from the near-real-time radio access network intelligent controller. The apparatus may receive (502), from the near-real-time radio access network intelligent controller, in a RIC assistance service response message, an indication on a download location, or on uploading to an upload location provided by the apparatus in the RIC assistance service request message, of a trained machine learning model trained for the apparatus by an internal application, xApp, or a platform service of the near-real-time radio access network intelligent controller.

The present invention discloses an apparatus, comprising means for: obtaining a received signal (x) from a plurality of Optical Network Units, ONUs (121, 122,123) connected to the OLT, wherein the received signal comprises at least a desired signal (d) originating from a first ONU (121); determining a magnitude (b) of the desired signal (d) based on the received signal; adjusting an equalizer based on the magnitude (b) of the desired signal (d); equalizing the received signal (x) using the equalizer, thereby obtaining an equalized signal (z) corresponding to an estimate of desired signal (d); providing the equalized signal (z) for further processing.

An apparatus for monitoring the intensity of optical backscattering along an optical fiber line comprises an optical sensor for interrogating the optical fiber line with coherent light. The optical sensor comprises a laser and a laser controller. The optical sensor splits light from the laser into probe light and reference light, couples modulated probe light into the optical fiber line and makes measurements on a superposition of the reference light and light returned from the optical fiber line by optical backscattering. The optical sensor estimates a backscattering intensity profile along said optical fiber line based on said measurements. The laser controller adjusts a wavelength of the laser based at least in part on mismatch between at least a portion of the backscattering intensity profile and a reference profile.

The subject disclosure introduces the concept of using an overlay protocol embedded in a network control protocol. In various embodiments, an embedded overlay protocol message can be carried as the payload in a network control protocol packet sent from one network device to another. Various embodiments provide methods and apparatus for preparing and sending a network control protocol message with an embedded overlay protocol as well as methods and apparatus for receiving and processing a network control protocol message with an embedded overlay protocol. Embodiments disclosed herein have a variety of different applications including, among other things, as a generic solution that can efficiently determine the overall, end-to-end latency of almost any network control protocol.

Various embodiments provide methods and apparatus for transporting a vendor-proprietary protocol comprising vendor-proprietary protocol packets over Internet Protocol (IP). The vendor-proprietary protocol can be transported over IP by encapsulating the vendor-proprietary protocol packets in IP headers such that the vendor-proprietary protocol packets are carried as the payload of IP packets. A vendor-proprietary protocol indicator can be encoded into the IP header to indicate that the payload of the IP packet comprises a vendor-proprietary protocol packet and a Vendor Unique Protocol Number tuple comprising a vendor identification indicator and a vendor protocol identification indicator can be added as an IP header extension to uniquely distinguish the vendor-proprietary protocol from other vendor-proprietary protocols that may also be running over the same network.

Apparatus and method of implementing a dual-purpose sound system. In an embodiment, the apparatus comprises a first stage comprising a master volume controller configured to perform volume control of audio signals for audio channels of a sound system to generate variable-volume audio signals for the audio channels, and a second stage comprising an audio mixer configured to mix the variable-volume audio signals for a target set of the audio channels with fixed-volume ultrasonic signals for localization to generate at least two combined audio/ultrasonic signals configured for output to loudspeakers of the sound system corresponding with the target set of the audio channels.

Examples of the disclosure relate to obtaining data from a smart energy sensor connected to at least one of: an energy generating device, an energy consuming entity; and an energy storage device within a household; determining a feature vector based on the obtained data, wherein, the feature vector comprises information related to at least one of: energy generation, energy consumption, energy surplus at the household; determining an embedding based on the feature vector, wherein the embedding is suitable for a comparison across a plurality of households for clustering the households.