Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Patente

The invention relates to a sputtering process for generating a charged particles beam (40), whereby an E x B crossed field is applied to a sputtering target (20) in a vacuum environment, wherein the sputtering target (20) includes a hollow tube-shaped sputtering target (22) extending along a longitudinal axis in which a plasma phase is generated, the target having at least one open end (24, 24'). At least over a predetermined length of the hollow tube-shaped sputtering target (22): - an electric field E is generated inside (27) the hollow tube-shaped sputtering target (22), the electric field gradient being uniform in the vicinity of the sputtering target and normal thereto; and - a first magnetic field B is generated inside (27) the hollow tube-shaped sputtering target (22); According to the invention, the first magnetic field B is generated by means of a first magnet arrangement (30) positioned outside the target (20) and configured to uniformly generate, along said predetermined length, a magnetic field gradient of B whose component Bt is orthoradial to the longitudinal axis, whereby a first unidirectional E x B drift is obtained along the longitudinal axis that induces a linear erosion of the inner surface of the sputtering target along the longitudinal axis as well as an unidirectional and anisotropic linear drift motion of charged particles along the longitudinal axis such that a charged particles beam (40) exits at the open end (24) of the target (20). The invention also relates to a corresponding sputtering device and is suitable in sputtering deposition processes but also in other applications, e.g. implantation, isotopic separation, etching and propulsion.

La présente invention concerne un procédé de compression d'une image. Le procédé comprend :- obtention (E100) d'une image binaire comportant des lignes de pixels, chaque pixel comprenant un premier et un deuxième ensembles,- choix (E102) d'un nombre d'éléments du premier ensemble,- formation (E104) :- d'un flux de bits de poids fort des premiers ensembles ;- d'un flux des bits de poids faible des deuxièmes ensembles ;- établissement (E106) d'une matrice d'ensemble comportant des termes agencés en lignes et colonnes, les termes étant calculés à partir d'un flux choisi, chaque terme étant égal à la concaténation de plusieurs ensembles contigus du flux choisi en parcourant successivement chaque ligne de la matrice d'ensemble, le nombre d'ensembles contigus dépendant du nombre d'éléments choisis pour le premier ensemble, et- compression (E110) de la matrice établie pour obtenir une matrice compressée correspondant à la compression de l'image.

La présente invention concerne procédé (1000) d'aide au pilotage pour un pilote dans un aéronef. Le procédé comprend une phase d'enrichissement (1100) comprenant : - réception (1110) d'une ontologie comprenant une base de données, - génération (1120) d'une matrice représentative de l'ontologie, dite matrice initiale, - application (1130), à la matrice initiale, d'opération(s) matricielle(s) issue(s) d'un ensemble de règles d'inférence, pour obtenir une matrice enrichie - détermination (1140) d'au moins un nouvel axiome entre les données de la base de données par comparaison de la matrice enrichie avec la matrice initiale, - enrichissement (1150) de l'ontologie par inclusion du ou des axiomes nouvellement déterminés dans la base de données, formant une ontologie enrichie. Le procédé comprend en outre une phase de requête (1200), comprenant : - acquisition (1210) d'une requête de la part du pilote, - interrogation (1220) de l'ontologie enrichie, - émission (1230) d'une réponse à la requête acquise.

The present description relates to a photonic chip (100) comprising at least one waveguide (102) disposed on a support (104), the waveguide comprising at least one interface element (112) extending between a first end (114) and a second end (116) forming an optical coupling outer surface (118) belonging to a same plane as a side face (120) of the photonic chip or to a plane parallel to the side face, and wherein the second end comprises:- a thickness, perpendicular to an upper face (122) of the support on which the waveguide is disposed, which is less than a thickness of the first end, and/or- a width, parallel to the optical coupling outer surface and perpendicular to the thickness of the second end, which is greater than a width of the first end.

The present invention is directed to method for determining the presence of pollutants, preferably chlordecone in a liquid sample using fluorophore-loaded nanoemulsions. Finally, the invention is directed to kit comprising fluorophore-loaded nanoemulsions diluted in an aqueous phase and their uses for the determination of pollutants.

Système de génération de rayons X comprenant :- une source (1) de faisceau laser (2) focalisé sur une cible gazeuse (6), générant, par accélération laser-plasma, un faisceau d'électrons (7) et un faisceau laser (8) ;- une cible solide (9) de rayonnement de freinage bremsstrahlung, configurée pour être exposée, sur sa face exposée, au faisceau laser (8) et au faisceau d'électrons (7) sortant de la cible gazeuse (6), et pour générer des rayons X ;dans lequel la cible solide (9) comprend une couche protectrice solide (10), disposée sur la face exposée, de densité inférieure à un premier seuil (S1), de point de fusion supérieur à un deuxième seuil (S2), d'épaisseur inférieure à un troisième seuil (S3), de surface exposée polie de rugosité mesurée par un rugosimètre inférieure à un quatrième seuil (S4), le premier seuil (S1) valant 7 g/cm³, le deuxième seuil (S2) valant 1000°C, le troisième seuil (S3) valant 2 mm, et le quatrième seuil (S4) valant 10 µm.

The disclosure notably relates to a device for enabling combined measurements of a sample 100 using a first measurement apparatus 210 and an optical microscope 220 simultaneously. The sample is located inside of a chamber 211 of the first measurement apparatus. The system comprises a collection quadric surface mirror 310 located inside the chamber of the first measurement apparatus. The system further comprises a relay module 400 positioned between the collection mirror and a compensating module located outside the chamber of the first measurement apparatus. The relay module is configured to relay the light beam reflected by the collection mirror to the compensating module. The system further comprises the compensating module. Such a device forms an improved solution for enabling the effective combined measurement using a first characterization technique and an optical microscope simultaneously.

The invention relates to a method for manufacturing a silicon carbide on insulator, said method comprising the following steps:a) providing a substrate,b) providing a silicon carbide structure,at least one of the substrate and of the silicon carbide structure being provided with an electrically insulating layer;c) arranging the silicon carbide structure against the substrate with the electrically insulating layer between them so as to form a contact between them;d) focusing a laser beam towards the electrically insulating layer to weld the silicon carbide structure to the substrate, the laser beam being controlled to define one or several welded areas separated by one or several non-welded areas.The invention also relates to a method for manufacturing SiCOI photonic structures that may contain one or several color centers, from a SiCOI structure obtained with the manufacturing method of the invention.

The present invention relates to an indole derivative of formula (I)3,3'-(pyridine-3,5-diylbis(5-methoxy-1H-indole-2,1-diyl))bis(N,N-dimethylpropan-1-amine) as inhibitors of interaction between Spike and ACE2 proteins for the treatment of infections due to respiratory viruses, such as e.g. SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2 or MERS CoV infections.

The invention concerns a cryostat (8) comprising a sample chamber arranged for receiving a sample holder sliding inside the sample chamber, said sample chamber comprising a cryostatic inner chamber (14), arranged for receiving the sample holder sliding inside the inner chamber, and two warm intermediate chambers. The cryostat comprises sliding seals allowing sliding the sample holder while being leak-tight to fluids. The invention also relates to a DNP device (10) or a NMR system (11) comprising said cryostat (8), an a process implemented by said cryostat (8), DNP device (10) or NMR system (11).

La présente description concerne un dispositif comprenant au moins une cellule mémoire, la cellule mémoire comprenant : - une zone active (20b), en un matériau semiconducteur, comprenant des régions de source et de drain (22); - une première grille de sélection (26) en un matériau semiconducteur s'étendant de manière parallèle à la zone active (20b), la première grille de sélection étant séparée de la zone active par une première couche en un matériau diélectrique (28) ; et - une deuxième grille de mesure (30a, 30b) reposant sur les régions de source et de drain et sur la première grille.

The present invention concerns a new method for screening the activity of a molecule involved in regulating organelle domains, as well as a new method for modulating organelle domain formation. It further concerns the use of the giant organelle vesicles for studying organelle domain formation or in a method for screening the activity of a molecule or combination of molecules involved in the modulation of organelle domains. The invention also concerns a screening platform for identifying domain-modulating molecules in organelles and the molecules or combination of molecules identified by the screening method of the invention for use in the prevention and/or the treatment of diseases, disorders, or deficiencies related to the protein regulation and/or lipid metabolism.

Provided is a method for identifying molecules and compounds involved in the modulation of lipid synthesis and uptake, wherein said molecule or compound blocks or activates SREBP maturation, comprising contacting cells with a molecule or compound to be tested and observing the presence or absence of domains in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane formed by cholesterol esters with cholesterol or, alternately, localizing SREBP proteins within the cell after said contacting, wherein the molecule or compound is identified as an inhibitor of SREBP maturation when ER domains form within the cell or, alternately, SREBP signal is localized more in the endoplasmic reticulum, whereas the molecule or compound is identified as an activator of SREBP maturation when ER domains are absent or, alternately, SREBP signal is localized more in the nucleus or when its target genes are elevated.

Device (1) for the separation of right-handed and left-handed chiral nanoparticles (cN) separation comprising a cylindrical Bragg resonator (CBR). The CBR comprises an assembly of dielectric concentric hollow cylinders (CHC) (21, 22, 23, 24) having a same revolution axis (31), a solid dielectric cylinder (SC) (3) coincident with said revolution axis, a volume extending between the inner CHC (24) and said SC (3) forming a duct (32), a solution containing cN being intended to flow through said duct, and two plates (41, 42) extending perpendicularly to said revolution axis; one plate being in contact with one end of each CHC and the other plate being in contact with the other end of each CHC. The assembly of CHC is arranged to support an electromagnetic field (EM) in Transverse Magnetic (TM) modes within the inner CHC, the inner CHC and said two plates form a cylindrical cavity (32, 3) of the CBR, said inner CHC and said two plates being arranged to confine the EM within the cylindrical cavity, the two plates are arranged to generate a constant or uniform electric field (EF1), along the revolution axis, within the inner CHC, and one (42) of said two plates comprises an inlet (421) communicating with said duct and the other plate (41) comprising two radially opposite outlets (411, 412), arranged on both sides of the SC, communicating with said duct, and the device further comprises additional means arranged to generate an additional constant or uniform electric field (EF2), radial to the revolution axis, within the inner CHC.

L'invention concerne un équipement électronique avionique (50, 50A) configuré pour être embarqué à bord d'un aéronef, l'équipement (50, 50A) comprenant un ensemble de port(s) de communication (54) en émission, dit(s) port(s) émetteur(s), et de port(s) de communication (54) en réception, dit(s) port(s) récepteur(s). Au moins un port récepteur (54A) est commutable entre un état bloqué dans lequel les données reçues par ledit port sont automatiquement effacées et un état débloqué dans lequel les données reçues par ledit port sont stockées en vue d'un traitement ultérieur. L'équipement (50, 50A) comprend un module de sécurité (56) configuré pour commuter un port récepteur (54A) respectif de son état bloqué à son état débloqué pour un groupe prédéfini d'équipement(s) émetteur(s) (50, 50B), après réception d'un message d'authentification (RCA) valide émis par le groupe d'équipement(s) émetteur(s) (50, 50B), en réponse à une requête en authentification (DAC) envoyée audit groupe par le module de sécurité (56).

The present invention relates to a method for the measurement of the rates of ion exchange and diffusion of an ionic conducting material or mixed ionic-electronic conducting material. The present invention shows that it is possible to apply isotopic exchange Raman spectroscopy (IERS) to study the ionic motion of an ion conductor or mixed ionic electronic conductor regardless of the presence of a Raman active mode related with the ion of interest.

The invention relates to a dehydrated hydrogel based on: a) a gelatin compound consisting of gelatin functionalized with at least one photoreactive group P1, and b) a degradable branched-block copolymer comprising at least 2 degradable polymer chains, each degradable polymer chain being functionalized at its extremity with a photoreactive group P2 adapted to react in a crosslinking reaction with the photoreactive group P1. The invention further relates to a method for preparing the dehydrated hydrogel, and to prepare a biomaterial comprising a rehydrated hydrogel obtainable or obtained by mixing the dehydrated hydrogel and an aqueous solution. The biomaterial is useful as would dressing, in particular for treating chronic wounds, such as a bedsore, an ulcer or a diabetic wound.

A method is disclosed for controlling a transmitter (20, 30) for wirelessly charging a power storage unit of an electric vehicle comprising a receiver (22, 32 with a secondary resonant circuit (L2, C2). The transmitter comprises a first resonant circuit (L1, C1), an inverter (23) with switches (SW1, SW2, SW3, SW4) and a driver (24) to control the inverter. The method comprises receiving by the driver (24), from a controller (25, 35), commands to set the switches of the inverter (23) in a first position when the instantaneous inductor current (i<1>, i<2>) in the primary/secondary inductor (L1, L2) passes through zero in one direction, and in a second position when the instantaneous inductor voltage (v<L1>, v<L2>) across the primary/secondary inductor (L1, L2) reaches a voltage reference, or when a quantity representative of a total instantaneous power stored in the primary/inductor (L1, L2) reaches a power reference.

The invention relates to a process for manufacturing a plasmonic multimode waveguide sensor comprising an in situ photopolymerized molecular imprinted polymer nanolayer. The invention further relates to a multimode waveguide sensor obtained by the process of the invention, and to its use for adsorbing, detecting, identifying and/or quantifying at least one analyte in a matrix.

A method is described for processing a vocalization signal, in particular an ultrasonic vocalization signal, which involves receiving the signal and performing harmonic component analysis to track a harmonic partial. The harmonic component analysis uses a multitapered reassigned constant-Q transform to analyze the signal, allowing for the identification of specific harmonic components within the signal.

The present invention relates to a polarization-insensitive intraocular lens (100) comprising an anterior part (110), a posterior part (120), an equatorial plane (130), and two optical loops (190), wherein the anterior part (110) and the posterior part (120) are connected through the equatorial plane (130) and the optical loops (190) are connected with the equatorial plane (130), characterized in that said intraocular lens comprises moreover a solid-state dielectric metasurface structure (140), arranged on the equatorial plane (130), said metasurface structure comprising a plurality of vertical and preferably cylindrical nano-pillars (150) of different sections (S).The present invention also concerns a method for manufacturing such an intraocular lens (IOL).

The present invention relates to a microfluidic device for biosensor and a microfluidic chip comprising several devices and thus biosensors.The microfluidic device comprising at least one microfluidic channel (10) comprising a first end opening (2) and at least a second end opening (3), and at least one biosensor (20) of a substrate arranged in the microfluidic channel (10), the microfluidic device comprises at least one reservoir (30) intended to receive a biosensor optimization solution (4) and comprising an opening (31) in fluidic communication with the microfluidic channel (10) and at least one microvalve (32) arranged between the microfluidic channel (10) and the reservoir (30) in such a way as to control the fluidic connection of the reservoir (30) to the microfluidic channel (10). It will be applied in vitro or in vivo for the detection of substrate or biomarker. Microfluidic devices or the microfluidic chip can be used to monitor the presence or level of substrate or biomarker.

L'invention concerne un nouveau procédé de cyclisation d'une protéine d'intérêt utilisant une étiquette protéique constituée d'un peptide spécifique (NUFIP1 ou TAH1) et de son récepteur protéique (ZNHIT3 ou PIH1, respectivement) fusionnés respectivement aux extrémités N- et C-terminales de ladite protéine d'intérêt, et la protéine de fusion cyclisée résultante. Cela permet d'augmenter la thermostabilité et/ou d'aider à l'expression de protéines recombinantes et/ou d'aider à la purification de protéines recombinantes d'intérêt rendues plus solubles pour un meilleur rendement de production.

Methods and apparatus are provided for adaptive quantization parameter selection based on a cost using a neural network. In one embodiment, the neural network can be trained from a training database comprising numerous coding units or blocks. In another embodiment, a rate distortion cost is determined for combinations of quantization parameter and split configuration. The quantization parameter with a minimal rate distortion cost for a particular split is used for encoding. In another embodiment, rate and distortion are separately approximated, resulting in lowest rate cost and lowest distortion cost for each possible type of split.

The present technology relates to methods for the synthesis of a PFAS-free lithium single-ion polymer which comprises simultaneously reacting a sulfonyl chloride compound with an aromatic sulfonamide compound and a compound that is suitable to act as a quenching base. The simultaneous reaction of sulfonyl chloride with the aromatic sulfonamide compound and the compound that is suitable to act as a quenching base yields the single-ion monomer.

La présente invention concerne un mélange m(C) comprenant un mélange de sels de chlorures fondus, que l'on peut par exemple utiliser dans le domaine de l'énergie comme le nucléaire et/ou le solaire. La présente invention concerne en outre des procédés de préparation d'un mélange comprenant un mélange de sels de chlorures fondus et un dispositif comprenant un élément configuré pour contenir ou faire circuler le mélange m(C) selon la présente invention, ou le mélange obtenable ou obtenu selon les procédés de la présente invention, l'élément ayant une paroi comprenant un ou plusieurs métaux parmi Fe, Ni et Cr en contact avec ledit mélange.

The invention is related to a nuclear-demagnetization refrigerator (1) comprising: • a refrigerant (2) made of a superconducting magnetocaloric material; • a main coil (5); • at least a first heat switch (3) thermally coupled to the refrigerant (2), comprising: • a channel piece (31) made of the same superconducting magnetocaloric material as the refrigerant; and • a magnetic device (32), such as a coil, distinct from the main coil, configured to apply a magnetic field on the channel piece (31) that is greater than the critical magnetic field of the superconducting magnetocaloric material.

The invention consists of the development of a device for the invention consists of the development of a device for identifying wetting properties of a system comprising a liquid, a fluid and a solid, via a liquid capillary bridge placed between substrates. The device semiautomatically creates capillary bridges at controlled pressure or volume, then takes high-resolution photographs, and then continues with the identification of wetting properties as especially the triple line energy. The proposed original model is based on the equations which derive from the minimization of the energy of the liquid capillary bridge which consists of the interfacial surface energies and the line energy. The added value of the proposed device and method consists in allowing defining experimental protocols which lead to a more precise identification of properties.

L'invention a pour objet un dispositif spintronique (D1) comprenant : - une jonction tunnel magnétique (MTJ) ayant une résistance qui fluctue entre au moins deux états résistifs distincts (P, AP) selon sa magnétisation; - un transistor de contrôle (T<N1>) monté en série avec la jonction tunnel magnétique (MTJ) entre un nœud d'alimentation (VDD) et la masse électrique (GND) ; le nœud commun entre le transistor de contrôle et la jonction tunnel magnétique constituant un premier nœud de détection (NC1) ; - un élément capacitif (C<1>) connecté entre le premier nœud de détection (NC1) et un second nœud de détection (NC2) ; - un circuit de détection (COMP, INV) ayant une première entrée connectée au second nœud de détection (NC2) et configuré pour générer un signal de détection (V<out>) variable selon l'état résistif de la jonction tunnel magnétique (MTJ) à partir du potentiel électrique (V<VAR>) du second nœud de détection (NC2).

L'invention a pour objet un procédé de fabrication d'un dispositif spintronique (D1) comprenant :- une jonction tunnel magnétique (MTJ) ;- un transistor de polarisation (T_pol) monté en série avec la jonction tunnel magnétique (MTJ) ;- un circuit de détection (DET) ayant une entrée (e_det) connectée à un premier nœud de détection (NC1) et une sortie (s_det) pour générer un signal de détection (V_out) ; le circuit de détection comprenant au moins un premier inverseur (INV1) comprenant un premier transistor NMOS (T_INV1,N) et un second transistor PMOS (T_INV1,P) ayant chacun :∘ une grille avant (G_{1,N ,}G_1,P) ;∘ une grille arrière (G_{2,N ,}G_2,P) formée par une couche isolante (BOX) enterrée dans un substrat semi-conducteur (2) ;- un circuit de contrôle (CONT) configuré pour appliquer une tension de commande (V_cmd) non-nulle sur la grille arrière (G_{2,N ,}G_2,P) d'au moins l'un parmi le premier ou le second transistor.

A copolymer comprising units derived from at least one fluorinated comonomer and at least one comonomer of formula (I): <img class="EMIRef" id="3d330197-b4a8-46d2-9339-73d9c95a19d1-ia01" /> wherein R<1>, R<2> and R<3> are individually selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen atoms; halogen atoms; carboxyl group; carboxylic acid groups; ether groups; thioether groups; amine groups; amide groups; sulfonimide groups; urethane groups; a phosphonic acid group; a sulfonic acid group; a sulfonyl fluoride group; linear, branched and cyclic alkyl groups with or without one or more substituents; aromatic groups with or without one or more substituents; linear, branched and cyclic alkenyl groups with or without one or more substituents; linear, branched and cyclic alkynyl groups with or without one or more substituents; the substituents being selected from halogen atoms; aromatic groups; heterocyclic groups; carboxylic acid-containing groups; amine-containing groups, amide-containing groups; urethane-containing groups; phosphonic acid-containing groups; sulfonic acid-containing groups; sulfonyl fluoride-containing groups; thioether-containing groups and ether-containing groups; wherein n is from 0 to 5, preferably from 0 to 3, even more preferably from 0 to 2. The invention also relates to a method for preparing the copolymer as well as a use of the copolymer as a coating agent or a membrane.

The invention relates to a human pluripotent stem cell-derived, in vitro generated, retinal tissue characterized in that CHD1L activity is decreased. The invention also relates to methods for obtaining the retinal tissue and methods using the same.

Le procédé l'injection, à des instants de mesure, dans la cellule de mesure portée par un drone d'un faisceau laser, à une longueur d'onde de mesure caractéristique du gaz traceur à détecter.La signature spectrale du gaz traceur ou de l'ensemble de gaz est plus large qu'une largeur d'accordabilité de la source laser de mesure. Le procédé comprend l'injection, à des instants de référence, dans la cellule de mesure d'un faisceau laser de référence à une longueur d'onde de référence située à l'écart de ladite signature spectrale.Le procédé comporte la transmission de données représentatives de teneur en gaz traceur obtenues à partir du signal de mesure et de données représentatives de référence obtenues à partir du signal de référence à un système de calcul pour calculer une teneur en gaz à partir des données représentatives de teneur en gaz traceur et des données représentatives de référence.

The present invention relates to branched ionizable phospholipids. In particular, this invention relates to branched ionizable phospholipids of formula (I). This invention also relates to a process for manufacturing said compounds of formula (I). This invention also relates to lipid nanoparticles obtained by formulation of the compounds of general formula (I). This invention also relates to the use of the compounds of formula (I) and of lipid nanoparticles obtained by formulation of the compounds of general formula (I).

This invention relates to anthraquinone; tetracycline; aporphine and pyrrole-derived compounds as antiretroviral therapy, pharmaceutical or veterinary compositions comprising said compounds and methods of using said compositions in the treatment and/or the prevention of disease or disorder associated with the activation of specific protein kinases, and more particularly in the treatment and/or the prevention of retroviral infections in mammals.

The present invention relates to a method comprising the step detecting in a sample an antibody binding specifically to NECAB1, an antibody binding specifically to NECAB1, a carrier such as a diagnostically useful carrier with a solid phase with an immobilized polypeptide comprising an antigen or at least one epitope thereof or a variant of the antigen or epitope thereof, wherein the antigen is NECAB1, and a use of the antibody for diagnosing an autoimmune disease or a cancer.

The present disclosure relates to a laser light source device (1), comprising:- a semiconductor substrate (3) comprising an active layer (9),- an electron exciting device for exciting electrons within the active layer (9),- a resonant optical cavity formed within the semiconductor substrate and containing the active layer (9), and- a first mirror (5) and a second mirror (2) extending substantially parallel to one another, the resonant optical cavity extending between the first mirror (5) and the second mirror (2),wherein the laser light source device (1) is configured to emit light radiation when:- a magnetic field (M) is applied on the active layer (9), and- the electron exciting device excites electrons within the active layer (9) so as to allow strong light-matter coupling resulting in the generation of Landau polaritons within the resonant optical cavity, the radiation having a frequency superior or equal to 0.5 THz and inferior or equal to 10 THz.

A system for storing and querying BGP routing data. The system comprises a relational database (330) comprising a set of tables configured to store lossless compressed BGP routing data. The set of tables includes at least one indirection table. There is an indirection table per BGP route attribute among a set of at least one BGP route attribute, each indirection table storing distinct values of the considered BGP route attribute and associating each of the stored values with a unique identifier. The set of tables includes at least one main table storing BGP routing data sets, each BGP routing data set including at least one unique identifier from at least one indirection table but not the associated BGP route attribute value. The system comprises an API (320) configured to generate Database queries to the relational database. The API provides entry points corresponding respectively to primitive functions. The API is adapted to convert a call to any of the primitive functions into at least one database query to one or more of the set of tables.

The present invention relates to Engrailed protein, a nucleic acid encoding Engrailed protein and compositions comprising the same for use in treating or preventing diseases associated with accumulation of TDP-43 in the cell, particularly in the cell cytoplasm. Also provided herein are in vitro methods of selecting a subject for such therapy by detecting cellular accumulation of TDP-43, particularly cellular cytoplasmic accumulation, in a biological sample of the subject. Also provided herein are in vitro methods of following a subject treated with such therapy by measuring cellular accumulation, particularly cellular cytoplasmic accumulation, of TDP-43 in a biological sample of the treated subject.

The invention provides a method for treatment of a surface having a least one defect, said defect defining a recess portion for the surface, the method comprising the steps of obtaining height data representing a height profile of the surface, generating a 2-dimensional height mapping (12) of the surface from the acquired height data, processing the 2-dimensional height mapping (12) to generate a sequence of printable 2D images (u1-u6), the printable 2D images representing 3D printable area(s) corresponding to recess portion(s) of the at least one defect, and performing a 3D additive manufacturing process with a 3D printer to repair the surface by feeding the sequence of printable 2D images (u1-u6) as instructions to the 3D printer.