Nokia Solutions and Networks Patente

The present invention discloses an apparatus for use by an OLT (210) connected to a plurality of ONUs (231, 232, 233, 234) via an ODN comprising at least one adjustable power splitter with a variable power split ratio, the apparatus (201) comprising means for: configuring a power split ratio of a subset of the adjustable power splitter(s) (221, 222) related to a first optical path, thereby each adjustable power splitter in the subset distributes substantially more optical power to a dominant branch than to other branch(es); initiating an optical sensing measurement on the first optical path comprising the dominant branch(es) of the respective adjustable power splitter(s) in the subset.

In a label-switching network, such as an MPLS network, the label-switch packets have an extended special purpose label (ESPL) to encode one or more quality of service (QoS) attributes, such as indications of congestion level, discard eligibility, and/or Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) value. In some embodiments, the ESPL label is an extended QoS label having a two-bit indication of congestion level, a two-bit indication of discard eligibility, and a six-bit DSCP value. By including a DSCP value of more than three bits in the ESPL label, the MPLS network can provide a greater variety of per-hop behaviors (PHBs) when routing MPLS packets than conventional MPLS networks, which are limited to no more than eight PHBs.

The present subject matter relates to a method comprising: obtaining one or more baseline records of a target container component of a distributed container system, wherein each baseline record describes an execution behavior of the target container component, wherein the one or more baseline records are stored in a shared record system of the distributed container system; and obtaining an analysis record associated with the one or more baseline records for enabling interaction with the target container component, wherein the analysis record indicates a trustworthiness of the target container component, wherein the analysis record is stored in the shared record system.

The present invention discloses an apparatus An apparatus (200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206) for use by an optical receiver, comprising means for: splitting a received optical signal (E_Rx) onto two polarizations, thereby obtaining optical signals (E_Rx,x, E_Rx,y) on respective polarizations (x, y), obtaining electrical signals (i_x, i_y) indicating an intensity of the optical signals on respective polarizations (x, y); obtaining a differential signal (V_Rx,cm, i_x,avg-i_y,avg, i_b) related to a difference (i_x-i_y) between the electrical signals (i_x, i_y); determining at least part of a state-of-polarization, SOP, of the received optical signal (E_Rx) based on the differential signal (V_Rx,cm, i_x,avg-i_y,avg, i_b); obtaining a sum signal (V_Rx,diff) related to an addition (i_x+i_y) of the electrical signals (i_x, i_y); providing the sum signal (V_Rx,diff) for further processing to obtain data embedded in the received optical signal, based on an intensity of the received optical signal (E_Rx).

A system for detecting events in an optical network is configured to detect coincident drops in quality of transmission (QoT) on a plurality of wavelength channels received at one or more nodes of the optical network. The system is further configured to determine a QoT drop function based on the detected coincident drops in QoT. The QoT drop function indicates a change in a QoT metric corresponding to a respective drop in QoT as a function of optical frequency. The system is further configured to detect a signature of a network event in the QoT drop function.

The example embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a device, method, apparatus and computer-readable storage medium for communication. A method for communication comprises: generating unavailability information by a first device, wherein the unavailability information comprises at least an indication that the first device is unavailable for communication on a predetermined frequency band during a predetermined time period, an identifier of the first device, and a reason associated with the unavailability information; and sending the unavailability information to a second device in a predetermined frame structure.

Described herein is a device for obtaining features relating to a higher-level entity and a plurality of lower-level entities included in the higher-level entity, wherein the lower-level entities are configured to communicate with each other to together provide a higher-level function performed by the higher-level entity, the device comprising: an input module configured to receive, from the plurality of lower-level entities, lower-level extracted features relating to the plurality of lower-level entities; and a feature extraction module configured to obtain higher-level extracted features relating to the higher-level entity and the plurality of lower-level entities based on the received lower-level extracted features, wherein the higher-level extracted features comprise: for each lower-level entity: at least one higher-level extracted feature for the each lower-level entity, representing a state of the each lower-level entity when communicating with the remaining lower-level entities, and at least one higher-level extracted feature for a relation between the each lower-level entity and the remaining lower-level entities, representing a state of the communication between the lower-level entities; for all lower-level entities: at least one higher-level extracted feature for a relation between the higher-level entity and all lower-level entities, representing a state of all lower-level entities when communicating with each other to together provide said function performed by the higher-level entity, wherein the device further comprises an output module configured to output the obtained higher-level extracted features.

The present subject matter relates to a method comprising providing an antenna array comprising a plurality of radiators, each radiator being configured to convey a radio frequency signal; and using a pair of digital control signals to selectively activate a weighting of the radio frequency signal associated with the radiator, in accordance with a defined weighting level.

In a (e.g., ethernet-based PTP) time-distribution system, time receivers unicast (rather than multicast) delay-request messages and time transmitters unicast (rather than multicast) corresponding delay-response messages . An intervening transparent clock using a two-step delay request mode forwards unicast delay-request messages without modification, enabling the time transmitter to learn the media access control (MAC) address of the time receiver from the SMAC address in a delay-request message and use that MAC address as the DMAC address in the corresponding unicast delay-response message that enables the transparent clock to forward the unicast delay-response message towards the appropriate time receiver. As such, the volume of messages and the burden on transparent clocks to handle superfluous messages in such systems are reduced.

In a (e.g., ethernet-based PTP) time-distribution system, time receivers unicast (rather than multicast) delay-request messages and time transmitters unicast (rather than multicast) corresponding delay-response messages. An intervening transparent clock maintains a mapping table containing entries that map appropriate (PTP) port IDs to corresponding media access control (MAC) addresses that enable the transparent clock to forward the unicast delay-response messages towards the appropriate time receivers. As such, the volume of messages and the burden on transparent clocks to handle superfluous messages in such systems are reduced.

A method, an apparatus (104) and a data structure for replicating a packet for packet switching, wherein the apparatus (104) comprises a means for providing a list (202-1) comprising egress interfaces, a means for receiving the packet, a means for receiving information indicative of a subset of egress interfaces from the list (202-1), and a means for, according to the received information, replicating the packet for the egress interfaces in the subset.

In some embodiments, there may be provided a method including receiving, by a machine learning model, channel state information for at least one radio frequency signal; generating, by the machine learning model, a prediction generated using at least the channel state information for the at least one radio frequency signal, wherein the prediction indicates one or more objects causing blockage to the at least one radio frequency signal; modifying, based on the prediction of the one or more objects, a path loss model used to determine a distance between a receiver and a transmitter of the at least one radio frequency signal; and determining, based on the modified path loss model, at least a distance between the receiver and the transmitter. Related systems, methods, and articles of manufacture are also disclosed.

An apparatus including at least one processor, and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to: apply a digital twin assistance mode, based on a digital twin assistance message received by the apparatus from a network node; receive, from the network node, a digital twin assistance information element; and based on the digital twin assistance information element, change a default behaviour to cause a digital twin assisted behaviour in order to modify a network operation, the digital twin assisted behaviour representing an operation or a process associated with a digital twin assisted mode.

In an embodiment, the invention provides a device for optical communications, such as an optical transceiver or optical transmitter, comprising: a photonic integrated circuit including first and second semiconductor laser sources (2, 3) having a first and a second nominal wavelengths, wherein the first and second semiconductor laser sources are wavelength tunable, anda thermal unit (7) thermally coupled to the first and second semiconductor laser sources to impose a shared temperature on the first and second semiconductor laser sources, so that the first and second semiconductor laser sources transmit a first and a second optical signals (12, 13) at a first and a second transmission wavelengths, wherein the first and second transmission wavelengths are identically shifted from the first and second nominal wavelengths as a function of the shared temperature. The device may further comprise a temperature controller (5) for controlling the thermal unit and a sensor (6) for sensing the shared temperature.

An apparatus for a sensing management entity for a wireless communication network, the apparatus comprising at least one processor, and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the sensing management entity to: determine first information characterizing at least one of: a) a processing technique to be applied by at least one sensing entity to information associated with sensing, or b) a type of reporting to be used by the at least one sensing entity for reporting at least one aspect associated with the sensing, transmit the first information to the at least one sensing entity.

To perform network performance testing, at least one target state is obtained and a first action to be performed is determined. The first action is sent to a test system, which comprises a payload generating part and a serving part. When feedback, which comprises at least network performance counter values of network performance counters and represents a current state of the serving part, is received from the test system, it is determined, based at least on the counter values received, whether the the target state is achieved. If not, a next action to be performed is determined, based on at least a difference between the target state and a state determined using at least the counter values received. The next action is then sent to the test system. This may be repeated until the target state is achieved.

Techniques for facilitating dynamic allocation of Distributed Units (DUs) in a Radio Access Network (RAN) are described. In an example, a plurality of DUs corresponding to at least one network node within a RAN are identified. The plurality of DUs is usable for providing cell services and user services to facilitate communication in the RAN. Thereafter, a first set of DUs from the plurality of DUs are configured for providing the cell services. Subsequently, a second set of DUs from the plurality of DUs are configured for providing the user services.

The present subject matter relates to a method comprising using a first motion model of motion of a mobile device to determine a current state, referred to as a first state estimate, of the mobile device using a primary pose estimate of the mobile device; determining at least one of: a secondary pose estimate of the mobile device using first sensor measurements or a first reference state estimate using a reference motion model and the primary pose estimate; determining a first estimation error of the first state estimate using at least one of: the secondary pose estimate or the first reference state estimate; and based on the first estimation error: triggering an update of the primary pose estimate for using the updated primary pose estimate for a next execution of the method.

Described herein is a first network node, of a network having a plurality of network nodes, wherein the first network node includes one or more sensing capabilities of an event type and/or a coverage area that the first network node is able to detect; wherein the first network node is a network digital twin, NDT, and wherein the first network node comprises at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the first network node at least to: receive, from a second network node, a sensing intent, which is used to indicate to the first network node to detect an event within the coverage area and within a time window, wherein the event corresponds to the event type of which the first network node includes one or more sensing capabilities; perform, detection of an occurrence of an event indicated in the sensing intent, based on the sensing capabilities of the first network node; and send, to the second network node, a sensing report based on the detection.

An apparatus comprising a first antenna system, a second antenna system, a first isolation structure arranged between the first antenna system and the second antenna system for suppressing a propagation of electromagnetic waves between the first antenna system and the second antenna system, and a second isolation structure arranged between the first antenna system and the second antenna system for suppressing a propagation of electromagnetic waves between the first antenna system and the second antenna system, wherein the second isolation structure is arranged at least partially over the first isolation structure.

Method, comprising receiving a connection request to connect a user to an application, wherein, if the user is connected to the application, a plurality of users are connected to the application; providing an orchestration request for an orchestration policy for the application and the plurality of users to an orchestration entity, wherein the orchestration request indicates that each user is or is to be connected to the application, the orchestration request comprises for each of the users a location of the respective user and a QoS requirement of the application; receiving the orchestration policy from the orchestration entity, wherein the orchestration policy indicates one or more deployment locations to deploy the application such that the QoS requirement is sufficiently fulfilled; deploying the application at one of the deployment locations; informing the user or an application function of a network serving the user how to access the application.

An integrated circuit includes a substrate having a main surface and an electrical transmission line extending along the main surface. The electrical transmission line includes a metallic travelling wave electrode (TWE) having a lengthwise sequence of spaced apart openings absent of the metallic material. The substrate has cavities under at least some of the openings. In an example implementation, the TWE is a middle electrode of an electrical transmission line driving an MZM, and the cavities in the substrate extend under side electrodes of the transmission line.

In a Precision Time Protocol (PTP) clock-distribution system, each transparent clock (TC) along a link between a time transmitter (TT) and a time receiver (TR) is able to increment a stepsRemoved field of a PTP message that traverses the TC, such that, at the receiving node of the PTP message (e.g., the TR for certain sync, follow-up, and delay-response messages and the TT for certain delay-request messages), the stepsRemoved field indicates the number of transparent clocks (TC) along the link between the TT and the TR. The information may be used to prioritize certain links over others.

Disclosed is a method comprising determining in accordance with a modulation scheme a candidate set of soft bit blocks representing at least part of the data, wherein an application of each geometric transformation operation of a set of geometric transformation operations to a corresponding subset of the set of constellation points or to the set of constellation points, preserves the shape of the modulation constellation but results in representing different data, for each geometric transformation operation of the set of geometric transformation operations, modifying according to the geometric transformation operation corresponding soft bit blocks of the candidate set of soft bit blocks resulting in another candidate set of soft bit blocks, and selecting from the candidate sets of soft bit blocks the candidate set of soft bit blocks that likely represents the at least part of the data.

The present invention discloses an apparatus for use by a coherent receiver, comprising means for: obtaining a first set of coefficients (A+ ) indicating a first adaptive filter (A) configured to reduce at least part of polarization mode dispersion in an equalizer of the coherent receiver and a second set of coefficients (w+ ) indicating a second adaptive filter (w) configured to reduce at least part of the inter-symbol interference in the equalizer of the coherent receiver, determining a first updated set of coefficients (A++ ) and a second updated set of coefficients (w++ ) based on the first set of coefficients (A+ ) and the second set of coefficients (w+ ), wherein the gains of the first updated set of coefficients (A++ ) have a predetermined level, and wherein, the output of the equalizer based on the first set of coefficients (A+ ) and the second set of coefficients (w+ ) is approximately same as the output of the equalizer based on the first updated set of coefficients (A++ ) and the second updated set of coefficients (w++ ), providing the first updated set of coefficients (A++ ) and the second updated set of coefficients (w++ ) to the first filter and the second filter respectively.

Examples of the disclosure relate to semiconductor chips and methods of forming semiconductor chips. The chips comprise multiple integrated circuit layers arranged in a stack and a cooling channel positioned between integrated circuit layers. The cooling channel is bounded by at least two walls and configured to enable a cooling fluid to provide cooling of electronic and/or photonic components on the integrated circuit layers. The walls comprise a first bonding material arranged on a first edge of the walls, for bonding the first edges of the walls to the first integrated circuit layer. The walls also comprise a second bonding material arranged on a second edge of the walls, for bonding the second edges of the walls to the second integrated circuit layer.

Example embodiments describe an optical network node (270) configured to communicate in a passive optical network, PON (100); wherein the optical network node is configured to receive a stream (210) of forward error correction, FEC, codewords (211) respectively comprising at least a portion of one or more frames (220); wherein the respective frames comprise a header (222, 228) and a payload (223, 229); and wherein the optical network node is configured to perform:- identifying (201) idle frames (221) within the respective FEC codewords (211) of the stream (210) of FEC codewords;- for FEC codewords (211) that comprise at least a portion of one or more idle frames (221) , replacing (202, 241) at least a portion of the idle payloads (223) of the idle frames with a predetermined idle pattern (242); and- thereafter, FEC decoding (203, 245) the stream of FEC codewords with the replaced idle payloads (244).

The present invention discloses an apparatus (200) for use by a coherent receiver, comprising means for: obtaining a first set of coefficients (w⁺, A⁺⁺) indicating a first filter (w, A) in an adaptive equalizer of the coherent receiver, wherein the first filter (w, A) is an adaptive Multi-Input Multi-Output, MIMO, filter with N taps in each branch, wherein N is an integer number; determining a further set of coefficients (f_xx, f_yx, f_xy, f_yy) indicating a MIMO filter with a single tap in each branch based on the first set of coefficients (w⁺, A⁺⁺); determining a first matrix (F) based on the further set of coefficients (f_xx, f_yx, f_xy, f_yy); orthogonalizing the first matrix (F), thereby obtaining an orthogonalized matrix (Q); determining a state-of-polarization based on at least part of the orthogonalized matrix (Q).

Various example embodiments of an emergency notification capability are presented. The emergency notification capability may be configured to support use of an Internet Protocol (IP) Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) platform to provide emergency notification services for a predefined user group including a first user who initiates an emergency call and other users which receive corresponding emergency notifications based on the emergency call. The delivery of emergency notifications to the other users of the predefined user group may include delivery of emergency notifications to one or more other users directly via the IMS platform (e.g., within the IMS platform and/or based on interfacing between the IMS platform and other notification platforms) and/or delivery of emergency notifications to one or more other users indirectly via a customer premises gateway device of the first user who initiates the emergency call (e.g., the customer premises gateway device receives and initiates delivery of the emergency notifications).

An apparatus and a method for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), wherein a first OFDM symbol (202) comprises a first part at a beginning of the first OFDM symbol (202) and a last part at an end of the first OFDM symbol (202), wherein a second OFDM symbol (204) comprises a first part at a beginning of the second OFDM symbol (204) and a last part at an end of the second OFDM symbol (204), wherein the method comprises choosing samples from the last part of the first OFDM symbol (202) and the first part of the second OFDM symbol (204), converting the samples (202, 204) into frequency-domain samples, multiplying the frequency-domain samples by a frequency-domain window to determine windowed samples in the frequency domain, converting the windowed samples in the frequency domain into time-domain samples in the time domain, multiplying the time-domain samples with a time-domain window (400) to determine samples for a boundary, multiplying the time-domain samples with a complementary window (402) of the time-domain window (400) to determine complementary-windowed time-domain samples, determining a result of overlapping the complementary-windowed time domain-samples and the samples and adding the complementary-windowed time-domain samples and the samples in the boundary.

Disclosed is a method comprising collecting at least one of: radio measurement information or location information associated with a plurality of wireless access points; determining, per pair of wireless access points from the plurality of wireless access points, an electromagnetic attenuation between the pair of wireless access points; comparing, per pair of wireless access points from the plurality of wireless access points, the electromagnetic attenuation between the pair of wireless access points to a pre-defined isolation threshold; grouping the plurality of wireless access points into one or more groups based on the comparison and based on the pre-defined isolation threshold; and, based on determining that the number of wireless access points in a group exceeds a pre-defined limit, repeating the comparing and the grouping for splitting the group into two or more subgroups by lowering the pre-defined isolation threshold.

Disclosed is a method comprising collecting (401, 502) a labelled dataset (324) for fine-tuning a machine-learning-based language model (322), wherein the labelled dataset (324) comprises multiple pairs of uplink radio resource control messages and corresponding downlink radio resource control messages; and fine-tuning (402, 603) the machine-learning-based language model (322) based on the labelled dataset (324) for processing the uplink radio resource control messages and generating the corresponding downlink radio resource control messages.

A method performed by a base station to implement Delay Critical-Guaranteed Bit Rate Quality of Service (DC-GBR QoS) support is provided. Then method includes (i) receiving, at layer 2 (L2) protocol level, QoS flows from upper layer protocol, (ii) mapping the QoS flows to Data Radio Bearers (DRB) from one or more DRB profiles, (iii) processing the QoS flows according to the DRB at the L2 protocol level to establish a priority path to transfer prioritized data packets of the QoS flows and (iv) transporting the QoS flows to a Layer 1 (L1) protocol level. The prioritized data packets include Maximum Data Burst Volume (MDBV) compliant data packets and Guaranteed Flow Bit Rate (GFBR) compliant data packets.

A network device is configured to obtain an interference constraint defined for an operational area of at least one device providing service to be protected from interference caused by at least one base station serving one or more user devices, a data set of channel samples associated with the operational area of the at least one device, and a data set of channel samples associated with the one or more user devices in a serving area of the at least one base station. Based on the obtained information, the network device is configured to determine, with a neural network, at least one parameter to be used by the at least one base station in beamforming, wherein the neural network is configured to determine the at least one parameter such that at least one key performance indicator in the serving area is maximized based on the channel samples of the one or more user devices while the interference constraint in the operational area is met based on the channel samples associated with the operational area.

Embodiments of the present disclosure provide apparatuses, devices, methods and storage media for wireless connection. A first apparatus receives a device discovery request from a first terminal device associated with the first apparatus, wherein the device discovery request comprises a first address associated with the first terminal device. The first apparatus broadcasts the device discovery request. The first apparatus receives a discovery response from a second apparatus for the device discovery request, the discovery response comprising the first address and a second address associated with the second terminal device. The first apparatus forwards the discovery response to the first terminal device based on the first address.

The present invention discloses an apparatus for use by an optical network unit, ONU, communicatively connected to an Optical Line Terminal, OLT, comprising means for: configuring a first operation parameter of a first laser (Tx) to be a reference value (T_Tx,ref), thereby the emission frequency of the first laser (Tx) is aligned to a frequency of a downstream signal; determining a target value (T_Tx) of the first operation parameter of the first laser (Tx) based on: a predetermined deviation (ΔT_Tx=T_Tx-T_Tx,ref) between the target value (T_Tx) and the reference value (T_Tx,ref), and the reference value of the first operation parameter (T_Tx,ref); configuring the first operation parameter of the first laser (Tx) to be the target value, thereby the emission frequency of the first laser (Tx) is aligned to a predetermined frequency for an upstream signal; transmitting upstream signals to the OLT by modulating the output of the first laser (TX).

The present disclosure relates to an apparatus comprising at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to perform: Obtaining a plurality of precoding vectors. Obtaining a set of radiated power measurement values, each radiated power measurement value within the set of radiated power measurement values corresponding to an angle pair within a set of angle pairs and to a precoding vector within the plurality of precoding vectors. Training a machine learning model to output a set of prediction vectors for predicting radiated power values from an input of the set of angle pairs, using training data comprising the set of radiated power measurement values as a ground truth and the plurality of precoding vectors.

Devices, methods and computer programs for initial access in wireless networks with reduced likelihood of detection are disclosed. At least some example embodiments may allow a user device -sided initial access in wireless networks with reduced likelihood of detection without a need for any modifications to the user device, and thus without a need for an additional or auxiliary user device attached to an existing user device for bypassing these modifications.

An apparatus may transmit (301), to a network device, capability information on radio frequency bandwidth capability of the apparatus, occupied bandwidth capability of the apparatus, and instantaneous bandwidth capability of the apparatus. The apparatus may receive (302), from the network device, a measurement configuration requesting the apparatus to perform measurements on incumbent signal characteristics. The apparatus may switch (303) to the measurement configuration and perform measurements on the incumbent signal characteristics in accordance with the measurement configuration.

A dual-wavelength light source includes a laser cavity and a tunable intra-cavity optical filter. The intra-cavity optical filter is implementable as an integrated photonic circuit and includes two serially coupled dual-ring resonators of different ring lengths. Each dual-ring resonator has a comb-like transmission spectrum including a sequence of tunable dual-peak transmission subbands. In operation, different dual-peak transmission subbands of the respective dual-ring resonators may be aligned using optical phase shifters to provide a tunable dual-peak passband of the inter-cavity optical filter. The peak-to-peak separation of the passband may be tuned by tuning optical coupling between the rings of the respective dual-ring resonator.